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Text watermarking has emerged as a pivotal technique for identifying machine-generated text. However, existing methods often rely on arbitrary vocabulary partitioning during decoding to embed watermarks, which compromises the availability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Liang Chen , Yatao Bian , Yang Deng , Deng Cai , Shuaiyi Li , Peilin Zhao , Kam-fai Wong

Watermarking is a technical means to dissuade malfeasant usage of Large Language Models. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme, so-called WaterMax, that enjoys high detectability while sustaining the quality of the generated text…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Verifying the authenticity of AI-generated text has become increasingly important with the rapid advancement of large language models, and unbiased watermarking has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to preserve output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Ruibo Chen , Heng Huang

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

As large language models become increasingly capable and widely deployed, verifying the provenance of machine-generated content is critical to ensuring trust, safety, and accountability. Watermarking techniques have emerged as a promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Ruibo Chen , Georgios Milis , Heng Huang

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to detect synthetic text, mitigating misuse cases like fake news and academic dishonesty. While existing watermarking detection techniques primarily focus on classifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xuandong Zhao , Chenwen Liao , Yu-Xiang Wang , Lei Li

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

We introduce the first watermark tailored for diffusion language models (DLMs), an emergent LLM paradigm able to generate tokens in arbitrary order, in contrast to standard autoregressive language models (ARLMs) which generate tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Reasoning Large Language Models (RLLMs) excelling in complex tasks present unique challenges for digital watermarking, as existing methods often disrupt logical coherence or incur high computational costs. Token-based watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Shuliang Liu , Xingyu Li , Hongyi Liu , Dong Fang , Yibo Yan , Bingchen Duan , Qi Zheng , Lingfeng Su , Xuming Hu

Watermarking (WM) is a critical mechanism for detecting and attributing AI-generated content. Current WM methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly tailored for autoregressive (AR) models: They rely on tokens being generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ofek Raban , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the generations of large language models (LLMs). The strength of a watermark typically depends strongly on the entropy afforded by the language model and the set of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

A recent watermarking scheme for language models achieves distortion-free embedding and robustness to edit-distance attacks. However, it suffers from limited generation diversity and high detection overhead. In parallel, recent research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yangkun Wang , Jingbo Shang

Watermarking is an effective way to trace model-generated content. Current watermark methods cannot resist forgery attacks, such as a deceptive claim that the model-generated content is a response to a fabricated prompt. None of them can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Minhao Bai

As large language models (LLMs) generate increasingly human-like text, watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for reliable attribution beyond mere detection. While multi-bit watermarking enables richer provenance encoding,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Li Guo