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Adaptive optimization algorithms -- such as Adagrad, Adam, and their variants -- have found widespread use in machine learning, signal processing and many other settings. Several methods in this family are not rotationally equivariant,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Adela DePavia , Jose Cruzado , Jiayou Liang , Vasileios Charisopoulos , Rebecca Willett

Adaptive first-order optimizers are fundamental tools in deep learning, although they may suffer from poor generalization due to the nonuniform gradient scaling. In this work, we propose AdamL, a novel variant of the Adam optimizer, that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-27 Lu Xia , Stefano Massei

Despite the popularity of the Adam optimizer in practice, most theoretical analyses study Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as a proxy for Adam, and little is known about how the solutions found by Adam differ. In this paper, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xinghan Li , Haodong Wen , Kaifeng Lyu

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has taken the stage as the primary workhorse for large-scale machine learning. It is often used with its adaptive variants such as AdaGrad, Adam, and AMSGrad. This paper proposes an adaptive stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Tianyi Chen , Ziye Guo , Yuejiao Sun , Wotao Yin

We propose NovoGrad, an adaptive stochastic gradient descent method with layer-wise gradient normalization and decoupled weight decay. In our experiments on neural networks for image classification, speech recognition, machine translation,…

Many adaptive optimization methods have been proposed and used in deep learning, in which Adam is regarded as the default algorithm and widely used in many deep learning frameworks. Recently, many variants of Adam, such as Adabound, RAdam…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Wei Yuan , Kai-Xin Gao

We provide a simple proof of convergence covering both the Adam and Adagrad adaptive optimization algorithms when applied to smooth (possibly non-convex) objective functions with bounded gradients. We show that in expectation, the squared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Alexandre Défossez , Léon Bottou , Francis Bach , Nicolas Usunier

Adaptive gradient methods have attracted much attention of machine learning communities due to the high efficiency. However their acceleration effect in practice, especially in neural network training, is hard to analyze, theoretically. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-15 Xunpeng Huang , Hao Zhou , Runxin Xu , Zhe Wang , Lei Li

From a simplified analysis of adaptive methods, we derive AvaGrad, a new optimizer which outperforms SGD on vision tasks when its adaptability is properly tuned. We observe that the power of our method is partially explained by a decoupling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Pedro Savarese , David McAllester , Sudarshan Babu , Michael Maire

Several studies have discussed the impact different optimization techniques in the context of time series forecasting across different Neural network architectures. This paper examines the effectiveness of Adam and Nesterov's Accelerated…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-10-04 Ahmad Makinde

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in using tools from dynamical systems to analyze the behavior of simple optimization algorithms such as gradient descent and accelerated variants. This paper strengthens such connections by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-02 Guilherme França , Daniel P. Robinson , René Vidal

Stochastic Gradient Decent (SGD) is one of the core techniques behind the success of deep neural networks. The gradient provides information on the direction in which a function has the steepest rate of change. The main problem with basic…

Adam has achieved strong empirical success, but its theory remains incomplete even in the deterministic full-batch setting, largely because adaptive preconditioning and momentum are tightly coupled. In this work, a convergent reformulation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-13 Yaxin Yu , Long Chen , Zeyi Xu

Stochastic version of alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) and its variants (linearized ADMM, gradient-based ADMM) plays a key role for modern large scale machine learning problems. One example is the regularized empirical risk…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-10 Xiang Zhou , Huizhuo Yuan , Chris Junchi Li , Qingyun Sun

This paper addresses a new class of generalized Bolza problems governed by nonconvex integro-differential inclusions with endpoint constraints on trajectories, where the integral terms are given in the general (with time-dependent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-07 Abderrahim Bouach , Tahar Haddad , Boris S. Mordukhovich

A very simple first-order algorithm is proposed for solving nonlinear optimization problems with deterministic nonlinear equality constraints. This algorithm adaptively selects steps in the plane tangent to the constraints or steps that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Serge Gratton , Philippe L. Toint

Computation methods for solving entropy-regularized reward optimization -- a class of problems widely used for fine-tuning generative models -- have advanced rapidly. Among those, Adjoint Matching (AM, Domingo-Enrich et al., 2025) has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-17 Oswin So , Brian Karrer , Chuchu Fan , Ricky T. Q. Chen , Guan-Horng Liu

The spherical noise added to gradients in differentially private (DP) training undermines the performance of adaptive optimizers like AdaGrad and Adam, and hence many recent works have proposed algorithms to address this challenge. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Arun Ganesh , Brendan McMahan , Abhradeep Thakurta

First-order optimization methods remain the standard for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Optimizers like Adam incorporate limited curvature information by preconditioning the stochastic gradient with a diagonal matrix. Despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Damien Martins Gomes

Current state-of-the-art optimizers are adaptive gradient-based optimization methods such as Adam. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in formulating gradient-based optimizers in a probabilistic framework for better modeling the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Haotian Chen , Anna Kuzina , Babak Esmaeili , Jakub M Tomczak