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The recent success of gravitational-wave (GW) astronomy together with renewed plans for lunar geophysical instrumentation has revived interest in using the Moon as a resonant detector for mid-frequency (mHz-Hz) GWs. In realistic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-19 Han Yan , Jan Harms

The response of the Moon to gravitational waves (GWs) is used by some of the proposed lunar GW detectors like the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna (LGWA) to turn the Moon into an antenna for GWs. The deep connection between the lunar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-11 Xiaoming Bi , Jan Harms

Gravitational waves (GWs) in the $0.01\sim1$ Hz band encode unique signatures of the early universe and merging compact objects, but they are beyond the reach of existing observatories. Theoretical models suggest that the Moon could act as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-22 Lei Zhang , Han Yan , Xian Chen , Jinhai Zhang

New concepts were recently proposed for gravitational-wave (GW) detectors on the Moon. These include laser-interferometric detectors, proposed as free-range or optical-fiber interferometers, and inertial acceleration sensors. Some of them…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-29 Jan Harms

The recent increasing interest in detecting gravitational waves (GWs) by lunar seismic measurement urges us to have a clear understanding of the response of the moon to passing GWs. In this paper, we clarify the relationship between two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-09 Han Yan , Xian Chen , Jinhai Zhang , Fan Zhang , Mengyao Wang , Lijing Shao

The Moon has been long regarded as a natural resonator of gravitational waves (GWs) since 1960, showing great potential to fill the frequency gap left behind GW detections by ground- or space-based laser interferometry. However, the spatial…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-03 Lei Zhang , Jinhai Zhang , Han Yan , Xian Chen

The interaction of a gravitational wave (GW) with an elastic body is usually described in terms of a GW "force" driving the oscillations of the body's normal modes. However, this description is only possible for GW frequencies for which the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-26 Enis Belgacem , Michele Maggiore , Thomas Moreau

The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna (LGWA) is a proposed array of next-generation inertial sensors to monitor the response of the Moon to gravitational waves (GWs). Given the size of the Moon and the expected noise produced by the lunar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-07 Parameswaran Ajith , Pau Amaro Seoane , Manuel Arca Sedda , Riccardo Arcodia , Francesca Badaracco , Biswajit Banerjee , Enis Belgacem , Giovanni Benetti , Stefano Benetti , Alexey Bobrick , Alessandro Bonforte , Elisa Bortolas , Valentina Braito , Marica Branchesi , Adam Burrows , Enrico Cappellaro , Roberto Della Ceca , Chandrachur Chakraborty , Shreevathsa Chalathadka Subrahmanya , Michael W. Coughlin , Stefano Covino , Andrea Derdzinski , Aayushi Doshi , Maurizio Falanga , Stefano Foffa , Alessia Franchini , Alessandro Frigeri , Yoshifumi Futaana , Oliver Gerberding , Kiranjyot Gill , Matteo Di Giovanni , Ines Francesca Giudice , Margherita Giustini , Philipp Gläser , Jan Harms , Joris van Heijningen , Francesco Iacovelli , Bradley J. Kavanagh , Taichi Kawamura , Arun Kenath , Elisabeth-Adelheid Keppler , Chiaki Kobayashi , Goro Komatsu , Valeriya Korol , N. V. Krishnendu , Prayush Kumar , Francesco Longo , Michele Maggiore , Michele Mancarella , Andrea Maselli , Alessandra Mastrobuono-Battisti , Francesco Mazzarini , Andrea Melandri , Daniele Melini , Sabrina Menina , Giovanni Miniutti , Deeshani Mitra , Javier Morán-Fraile , Suvodip Mukherjee , Niccolò Muttoni , Marco Olivieri , Francesca Onori , Maria Alessandra Papa , Ferdinando Patat , Andrea Perali , Tsvi Piran , Silvia Piranomonte , Alberto Roper Pol , Masroor C. Pookkillath , R. Prasad , Vaishak Prasad , Alessandra De Rosa , Sourav Roy Chowdhury , Roberto Serafinelli , Alberto Sesana , Paola Severgnini , Angela Stallone , Jacopo Tissino , Hrvoje Tkalčić , Lina Tomasella , Martina Toscani , David Vartanyan , Cristian Vignali , Lucia Zaccarelli , Morgane Zeoli , Luciano Zuccarello

In the presence of a weak gravitational wave (GW) background, astrophysical binary systems act as high-quality resonators, with efficient transfer of energy and momentum between the orbit and a harmonic GW leading to potentially detectable…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-23 Joshua W. Foster , Diego Blas , Adrien Bourgoin , Aurelien Hees , Míriam Herrero-Valea , Alexander C. Jenkins , Xiao Xue

A new era of lunar exploration has begun with participation of all major space agencies. This activity brings opportunities for revolutionary science experiments and observatories on the Moon. The idea of a lunar gravitational-wave detector…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-26 Andrea Cozzumbo , Benedetta Mestichelli , Marco Mirabile , Lavinia Paiella , Jacopo Tissino , Jan Harms

Motivated by the old idea of using the moon as a resonant gravitational-wave (GW) detector, as well as the recent updates in modeling the lunar response to GWs, we re-evaluate the feasibility of using a network of lunar seismometers to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-23 Han Yan , Xian Chen , Jinhai Zhang , Fan Zhang , Lijing Shao , Mengyao Wang

It has been suggested to use seismic detectors on the Moon as a tool to search for gravitational waves in an intermediate frequency range between mHz and Hz. Employing three different spherically symmetric models for the lunar interior, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-26 M. Kachelriess , M. P. Nødtvedt

We explore the potential of lunar-based gravitational-wave detectors to broaden the multi-messenger astrophysics landscape by detecting mergers of massive ($M_1,M_2 >1 M_\odot$) double white dwarf (WD) binaries. These systems are potential…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-19 Manuel Pichardo Marcano , Anjali B. Yelikar , Karan Jani

Since 1978 superconducting coupled cavities have been proposed as sensitive detector of gravitational waves. The interaction of the gravitational wave with the cavity walls, and the resulting motion, induces the transition of some…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Ph. Bernard , A. Chincarini , G. Gemme , R. Parodi , E. Picasso

Several large-scale experimental facilities and space-missions are being suggested to probe the universe across the gravitational-wave (GW) spectrum. Here we propose Gravitational-wave Lunar Observatory for Cosmology (GLOC) - the first…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-24 Karan Jani , Abraham Loeb

This chapter is concerned with the question: how do gravitational waves (GWs) interact with their detectors? It is intended to be a theory review of the fundamental concepts involved in interferometric and acoustic (Weber bar) GW antennas.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-21 J. Alberto Lobo

The detection of gravitational waves opened up a new window to look into the Universe by probing phenomena invisible through electromagnetic observations. As gravitational waves interact very weakly with matter, their detection is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-29 Soumen Roy , Bruno Bertrand , Justin Janquart

The Earth's Moon presents a uniquely advantageous environment for detecting astrophysical gravitational waves (GWs) in the frequency range of millihertz to decihertz. Unlike Terrestrial GW detectors, the quiet seismic environment of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-27 Teviet Creighton , Philippe Lognonné , Mark P. Panning , James Trippe , Volker Quetschke , Karan Jani

Lunar gravitational-wave (GW) detectors relying on the measurement of the response of the Moon to GWs are susceptible to a seismic background, which might pose a fundamental sensitivity limitation. The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-29 Han Yan , Jan Harms
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