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Invariants are essential for ensuring the security and correctness of Solidity smart contracts, particularly in the context of blockchain's immutability and decentralized execution. This paper introduces InvSol, a novel framework for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Kartik Kaushik , Raju Halder , Samrat Mondal

We introduce the Deep Learning Vulnerability Analyzer (DLVA) for Ethereum smart contracts based on neural networks. We train DLVA to judge bytecode even though the supervising oracle can only judge source. DLVA's training algorithm is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz , Aquinas Hobor

Smart contracts are programs that execute transactions involving independent parties and cryptocurrencies. As programs, smart contracts are susceptible to a wide range of errors and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Sundas Munir , Walid Taha

Smart contract, one of the most successful applications of blockchain, is taking the world by storm, playing an essential role in the blockchain ecosystem. However, frequent smart contract security incidents not only result in tremendous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Peng Qian , Zhenguang Liu , Qinming He , Butian Huang , Duanzheng Tian , Xun Wang

With the development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have become an important component of blockchain applications. Despite their crucial role, the development of smart contracts may introduce vulnerabilities and potentially lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chong Chen , Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , Yanlin Wang , Tingting Bi , Jianxing Yu , Yanli Wang , Xingwei Lin , Ting Chen , Zibin Zheng

With the escalating prevalence of malicious activities exploiting vulnerabilities in blockchain systems, there is an urgent requirement for robust attack detection mechanisms. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel…

Smart contracts on public blockchains now manage large amounts of value, and vulnerabilities in these systems can lead to substantial losses. As AI agents become more capable at reading, writing, and running code, it is natural to ask how…

Currently, smart contract vulnerabilities (SCVs) have emerged as a major factor threatening the transaction security of blockchain. Existing state-of-the-art methods rely on deep learning to mitigate this threat. They treat each input…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Yizhou Chen , Zeyu Sun , Zhihao Gong , Dan Hao

We introduce SmartEval, a benchmark for systematically evaluating the quality of Solidity smart contracts generated by large language models (LLMs) from natural language specifications. SmartEval provides a corpus of 9,000 generated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Abhinav Goel , Agostino Capponi , Alfio Gliozzo , Chaitya Shah

Smart contracts written in Solidity are widely used in different blockchain platforms such as Ethereum, TRON and BNB Chain. One of the unique designs in Solidity smart contracts is its state-reverting mechanism for error handling and access…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zeqin Liao , Sicheng Hao , Yuhong Nan , Zibin Zheng

Smart contracts are computer programs that are executed by a network of mutually distrusting agents, without the need of an external trusted authority. Smart contracts handle and transfer assets of considerable value (in the form of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Amir Kafshdar Goharshady , Yaron Velner

The emerging blockchain technology supports decentralized computing paradigm shift and is a rapidly approaching phenomenon. While blockchain is thought primarily as the basis of Bitcoin, its application has grown far beyond cryptocurrencies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Reza M. Parizi , Ali Dehghantanha , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Amritraj Singh

The security of smart contracts is critical in blockchain systems, where even minor vulnerabilities can lead to substantial financial losses. Researchers proposed several vulnerability detection tools evaluated using existing benchmarks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Gerardo Iuliano , Luigi Allocca , Matteo Cicalese , Dario Di Nucci

Ethereum is the largest blockchain platform that supports smart contracts. Users deploy smart contracts by publishing the smart contract's bytecode to the blockchain. Since the data in the blockchain cannot be modified, even if these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum). 680 million US dollars worth of digital assets controlled by smart contracts have been hacked or stolen due to various security vulnerabilities in 2021.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Tanusree Sharma , Zhixuan Zhou , Andrew Miller , Yang Wang

Smart contracts are the cornerstone of decentralized applications and financial protocols, which extend the application of digital currency transactions. The applications and financial protocols introduce significant security challenges,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

This paper presents VulnSense framework, a comprehensive approach to efficiently detect vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts using a multimodal learning approach on graph-based and natural language processing (NLP) models. Our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Phan The Duy , Nghi Hoang Khoa , Nguyen Huu Quyen , Le Cong Trinh , Vu Trung Kien , Trinh Minh Hoang , Van-Hau Pham

Knowledge-based systems reason over some knowledge base. Hence, an important issue for such systems is how to acquire the knowledge needed for their inference. This paper assesses active learning methods for acquiring knowledge for "static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Xueqi Yang , Zhe Yu , Junjie Wang , Tim Menzies

Smart contracts are decentralized applications built atop blockchains like Ethereum. Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) have potential in auditing smart contracts, but the state-of-the-art indicates that even GPT-4…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Wei Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Yuqiang Sun , Tianwen Wang , Shangqing Liu , Jian Zhang , Yue Xue , Yang Liu

Blockchain smart contracts have emerged as a transformative force in the digital realm, spawning a diverse range of compelling applications. Since solidity smart contracts across various domains manage trillions of dollars in virtual coins,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Zhiyuan Wei , Xianhao Zhang , Jing Sun , Zijian Zhang , Liehuang Zhu