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Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen widespread applications across various domains due to their growing ability to process diverse types of input data, including text, audio, image and video. While LLMs have demonstrated outstanding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chun Wai Chiu , Linghan Huang , Bo Li , Huaming Chen , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

Existing training-time safety alignment techniques for large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Direct preference optimization (DPO), a widely deployed alignment method, exhibits limitations in both experimental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xuandong Zhao , Will Cai , Tianneng Shi , David Huang , Licong Lin , Song Mei , Dawn Song

Jailbreak attacks in large language models (LLMs) entail inducing the models to generate content that breaches ethical and legal norm through the use of malicious prompts, posing a substantial threat to LLM security. Current strategies for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Lin Lu , Hai Yan , Zenghui Yuan , Jiawen Shi , Wenqi Wei , Pin-Yu Chen , Pan Zhou

Jailbreak vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) refer to methods that extract malicious content from the model by carefully crafting prompts or suffixes, which has garnered significant attention from the research community.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Lijia Lv , Weigang Zhang , Xuehai Tang , Jie Wen , Feng Liu , Jizhong Han , Songlin Hu

Large language models (LLMs) enhance security through alignment when widely used, but remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks capable of producing inappropriate content. Jailbreak detection methods show promise in mitigating jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Guorui Chen , Yifan Xia , Xiaojun Jia , Zhijiang Li , Philip Torr , Jindong Gu

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated increasing power, they have also given rise to a wide range of harmful behaviors. As representatives, jailbreak attacks can provoke harmful or unethical responses from LLMs, even after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Nan Xu , Fei Wang , Ben Zhou , Bang Zheng Li , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks where adversarial prompts elicit harmful outputs. Yet most evaluations focus on single-turn interactions while real-world attacks unfold through adaptive multi-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Aashray Reddy , Andrew Zagula , Nicholas Saban

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

As large language models (LLMs) are becoming more capable and widespread, the study of their failure cases is becoming increasingly important. Recent advances in standardizing, measuring, and scaling test-time compute suggest new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Mahdi Sabbaghi , Paul Kassianik , George Pappas , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi , Hamed Hassani

Jailbreak attacks to Large audio-language models (LALMs) are studied recently, but they exclusively focused on the attack scenario where the adversary can fully manipulate user prompts (named strong adversary) and limited in effectiveness,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guangke Chen , Fu Song , Zhe Zhao , Xiaojun Jia , Yang Liu , Yanchen Qiao , Weizhe Zhang , Weiping Tu , Yuhong Yang , Bo Du

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) enable powerful cross-modal reasoning capabilities. However, the expanded input space introduces new attack surfaces. Previous jailbreak attacks often inject malicious instructions from text into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhaoxin Wang , Handing Wang , Cong Tian , Yaochu Jin

As the scale and complexity of jailbreaking attacks on large language models (LLMs) continue to escalate, their efficiency and practical applicability are constrained, posing a profound challenge to LLM security. Jailbreaking techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xiang Li , Chong Zhang , Jia Wang , Fangyu Wu , Yushi Li , Xiaobo Jin

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to various applications, ensuring both their safety and utility is paramount. Jailbreak attacks, which manipulate LLMs into generating harmful content, pose significant challenges to this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yiting Dong , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their power comes with significant security considerations. While extensive research has been conducted on the safety of LLMs in chat mode, the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Zihui Wu , Haichang Gao , Jianping He , Ping Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in various fields of society due to their powerful reasoning, understanding, and generation capabilities. However, the security issues associated with these models are becoming increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanxu Mao , Peipei Liu , Tiehan Cui , Zhaoteng Yan , Congying Liu , Datao You

Jailbreak attacks represent one of the most sophisticated threats to the security of large language models (LLMs). To deal with such risks, we introduce an innovative framework that can help evaluate the effectiveness of jailbreak attacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dong Shu , Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Zihao Zhou , Lingyao Li , Yongfeng Zhang

GPT-4V has attracted considerable attention due to its extraordinary capacity for integrating and processing multimodal information. At the same time, its ability of face recognition raises new safety concerns of privacy leakage. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Yuanwei Wu , Yue Huang , Yixin Liu , Xiang Li , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, encounter `jailbreak' challenges, wherein safeguards are circumvented to generate ethically harmful prompts. This study introduces a straightforward black-box method for efficiently crafting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Kazuhiro Takemoto

Efficient red-teaming method to uncover vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial. While recent attacks often use LLMs as optimizers, the discrete language space make gradient-based methods struggle. We introduce LARGO…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ran Li , Hao Wang , Chengzhi Mao

Despite extensive pre-training in moral alignment to prevent generating harmful information, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. In this paper, we propose AutoDefense, a multi-agent defense framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yifan Zeng , Yiran Wu , Xiao Zhang , Huazheng Wang , Qingyun Wu