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Recursive decision trees are widely used to estimate heterogeneous causal treatment effects in experimental and observational studies. These methods are typically implemented using CART-type recursive partitioning and are often viewed as…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Matias D. Cattaneo , Jason M. Klusowski , Ruiqi Rae Yu

Existing weighting methods for treatment effect estimation are often built upon the idea of propensity scores or covariate balance. They usually impose strong assumptions on treatment assignment or outcome model to obtain unbiased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Dongcheng Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang

Machine learning methods for estimating treatment effect heterogeneity promise greater flexibility than existing methods that test a few pre-specified hypotheses. However, one problem these methods can have is that it can be challenging to…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-08-05 Patrick Rehill

A high-quality experimental dataset is often much smaller than a corresponding observational dataset. When this holds with possibly biased measurements of the outcome of interest in the latter, we propose an estimation and inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Harrison H Li

This paper introduces a generalized ps-BART model for the estimation of Average Treatment Effect (ATE) and Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) in continuous treatments, addressing limitations of the Bayesian Causal Forest (BCF)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-11 Hugo Gobato Souto , Francisco Louzada Neto

There has been considerable recent interest in estimating heterogeneous causal effects. In this paper, we study conditional average partial causal effects (CAPCE) to reveal the heterogeneity of causal effects with continuous treatment. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Yuta Kawakami , Manabu Kuroki , Jin Tian

Randomized trials are viewed as the benchmark for assessing causal effects of treatments on outcomes of interest. Nonetheless, challenges such as measurement error can undermine the standard causal assumptions for randomized trials. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-27 Dane Isenberg , Nandita Mitra , Steven C. Marcus , Rinad S. Beidas , Kristin A. Linn

Heterogeneous effect estimation plays a crucial role in causal inference, with applications across medicine and social science. Many methods for estimating conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) have been proposed in recent years,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-22 Edward H. Kennedy

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) of interventions. One use of RCTs is to study the causes of global poverty -- a subject explicitly cited in the 2019…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Connor T. Jerzak , Fredrik Johansson , Adel Daoud

I propose kernel ridge regression estimators for nonparametric dose response curves and semiparametric treatment effects in the setting where an analyst has access to a selected sample rather than a random sample; only for select…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-08-24 Rahul Singh

This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-13 Vira Semenova , Matt Goldman , Victor Chernozhukov , Matt Taddy

We study Federated Causal Inference, an approach to estimate treatment effects from decentralized data across centers. We compare three classes of Average Treatment Effect (ATE) estimators derived from the Plug-in G-Formula, ranging from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Rémi Khellaf , Aurélien Bellet , Julie Josse

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are the current gold standards to empirically measure the effect of a new drug. However, they may be of limited size and resorting to complementary non-randomized data, referred to as observational, is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-11 Ahmed Boughdiri , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet

We consider the problem of estimating the effects of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome of interest from observational data in the absence of confounding by unmeasured factors. We provide a new estimator of the population average…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-04 James Robins , Mariela Sued , Quanhong Lei-Gomez , Andrea Rotnitzky

We propose Causal Interaction Trees for identifying subgroups of participants that have enhanced treatment effects using observational data. We extend the Classification and Regression Tree algorithm by using splitting criteria that focus…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-08 Jiabei Yang , Issa J. Dahabreh , Jon A. Steingrimsson

To further develop the statistical inference problem for heterogeneous treatment effects, this paper builds on Breiman's (2001) random forest tree (RFT)and Wager et al.'s (2018) causal tree to parameterize the nonparametric problem using…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-03-15 Lai Xinglin

We study nonparametric estimation for the partially conditional average treatment effect, defined as the treatment effect function over an interested subset of confounders. We propose a hybrid kernel weighting estimator where the weights…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-08 Jiayi Wang , Raymond K. W. Wong , Shu Yang , Kwun Chuen Gary Chan

State-level policy studies often conduct heterogeneity analyses that quantify how treatment effects vary across state characteristics. These analyses may be used to inform state-specific policy decisions, or to infer how the effect of a…

This article proposes a meta-learning method for estimating the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) from a few observational data. The proposed method learns how to estimate CATEs from multiple tasks and uses the knowledge for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Yoichi Chikahara

Multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs) are central to global drug development, enabling evaluation of treatment effects across diverse populations. A key challenge is valid and efficient inference for a region-specific estimand when the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-04 Chenxi Li , Ke Zhu , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang