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Uncertainty relations are usually stated as bounds on selected combinations of variances, but the full covariance matrix contains substantially richer information about the geometry of quantum state space and about the operational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Dimpi Thakuria , Shuheng Liu , Giuseppe Vitagliano , Konrad Szymański

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which imposes intrinsic restrictions on our ability to predict the outcomes of incompatible quantum measurements to arbitrary precision, demonstrates one of the key differences between classical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 Yunlong Xiao , Kuntal Sengupta , Siren Yang , Gilad Gour

Here we describe the quantum limit to measurement of the classical gravitational field. Specifically, we write down the optimal quantum Cramer-Rao lower bound, for any single parameter describing a metric for spacetime. The standard…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-11-07 T. G. Downes , G. J. Milburn , C. M. Caves

Given the recent interest in perspectival quantum reference frames (QRFs), we ask how quantum properties in the perspectival picture relate to their global, non-perspectival counterparts. It is instructive to establish this link, as most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Everett A. Patterson , Sijia Wang , Robert B. Mann

Heisenberg introduced his famous uncertainty relations in a seminal 1927 paper entitled "The Physical Content of Quantum Kinematics and Mechanics". He motivated his arguments with a gedanken experiment, a gamma ray microscope to measure the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-25 Stephen Boughn , Marcel Reginatto

The quantum mechanical commutation relations, which are directly related to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, have a crucial importance for understanding the quantum mechanics of students. During undergraduate level courses, the…

Physics Education · Physics 2018-04-10 A. Alper Billur , Serkan Akkoyun , Murat Bursal

It was recently noted that different internal quantum reference frames (QRFs) partition a system in different ways into subsystems, much like different inertial observers in special relativity decompose spacetime in different ways into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-03 Philipp A. Hoehn , Isha Kotecha , Fabio M. Mele

An analysis is given of the local phase space of gravity coupled to matter to second order in perturbation theory. Working in local regions with boundaries at finite distance, we identify matter, Coulomb, and additional boundary modes. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-09 Viktoria Kabel , Časlav Brukner , Wolfgang Wieland

Boundaries and corners of spacetime play a vital role in understanding physical concepts including entanglement entropy, the infrared problem in QFT and quantum gravity. Standard local quantum field theory struggles to accommodate such…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Christopher J. Fewster , Daan W. Janssen , Kasia Rejzner

Two generalizations of Kempf's quadratic canonical commutation relation in one dimension are considered. The first one is the most general quadratic commutation relation. The corresponding nonzero minimal uncertainties in position and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-19 Christiane Quesne , Volodymyr M. Tkachuk

We argue that the account of Reference Frames quantum properties must change the standard space-time picture accepted in Quantum Mechanics. If RF is connected with some macroscopic solid object then its free quantum motion - wave packet…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-02-03 S. Mayburov

Given the importance of quantum reference frames (QRFs) to both quantum and gravitational physics, it is pertinent to develop a systematic method for switching between the descriptions of physics relative to different choices of QRFs, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Augustin Vanrietvelde , Philipp A. Hoehn , Flaminia Giacomini

This paper presents a research program aimed at establishing relational foundations for relativistic quantum physics. Although the formalism is still under development, we believe it has matured enough to be shared with the broader…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-23 Jan Głowacki

The quantum multiparameter estimation is very different from the classical multiparameter estimation due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics. When the optimal measurements for different parameters are incompatible,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 Xiao-Ming Lu , Xiaoguang Wang

We present a universal formulation of uncertainty relation valid for any conceivable quantum measurement and the resultant observation (observer) effect of statistical nature. Owing to its simplicity and operational tangibility, our general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-19 Jaeha Lee , Izumi Tsutsui

We study the consequences of the generalized Heisenberg uncertainty relation which admits a minimal uncertainty in length such as the case in a theory of quantum gravity. In particular, the theory of quantum harmonic oscillators arising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 P. Narayana Swamy

The notion of a rigid quasilocal frame (RQF) provides a geometrically natural way to define a system in general relativity, and a new way to analyze the problem of motion. An RQF is defined as a two-parameter family of timelike worldlines…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-09 Richard J. Epp , Robert B. Mann , Paul L. McGrath

We discuss the construction of relational observables in time-reparametrization invariant quantum mechanics and we argue that their physical interpretation can be understood in terms of conditional probabilities, which are defined from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-21 Leonardo Chataignier

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) limits the accuracy in the simultaneous measurements of the position and momentum variables of any quantum system. This is known to be true in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-25 Jaume Giné , Giuseppe Gaetano Luciano

The need for a time-shift invariant formulation of quantum theory arises from fundamental symmetry principles as well as heuristic cosmological considerations. Such a description then leaves open the question of how to reconcile global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-26 Leon Loveridge , Takayuki Miyadera