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Rydberg atoms as versatile tools for quantum applications are extremely sensitive to electric fields. When utilizing these atoms, it becomes imperative to comprehensively characterize and mitigate any residual electric fields present in the…

It is the pursuit of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system to approach and even break the limit of channel capacity. However, it is always a big challenge to efficiently characterize the MIMO systems in complex space and get better…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-16 Ruifeng Li , Da Li , Jinyan Ma , Zhaoyang Feng , Ling Zhang , Shurun Tan , Wei E. I. Sha , Hongsheng Chen , Er-Ping Li

The exploitation of sub-MHz (\textless 1 MHz) can be beneficial for a plethora of applications like underwater vehicular communication, subsurface exploration, low-frequency navigation etc. The traditional electrical receivers in this band…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-24 Minze Chen , Tianqi Mao , Wei Xiao , Zhonghuai Wu , Dapeng Li , Mingyao Cui , Qunsong Zeng , Dezhi Zheng , Kaibin Huang , Zhaocheng Wang

Rydberg atom-based sensors use atoms dressed by lasers to detect and measure radio frequency electromagnetic fields. The absorptive properties of the atomic gas, configured as a Rydberg atom-based sensor, change in the presence of a radio…

Recently, Rydberg atom has emerged as an attractive choice to realize quantum sensing of low-frequency electric field. The progress so far has mostly utilized the intensity and phase changes in probe laser and the corresponding detection…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Ding Wang , Shenchao Jin , Xiayang Fan , Hongjing Li , Jiatian Liu , Jingzheng Huang , Guihua Zeng , Yuan Sun

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication has led to immense enhancements in data rates and efficient spectrum management. The evolution of MIMO, though, has been accompanied by increased hardware complexity and array sizes,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Miguel Rodrigo Castellanos , Siyun Yang , Chan-Byoung Chae , Robert W. Heath

Rydberg atoms with principal quantum number n >> 1 have exaggerated atomic properties including dipole-dipole interactions that scale as n^4 and radiative lifetimes that scale as n^3. It was proposed a decade ago to take advantage of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 M. Saffman , T. G. Walker , K. Molmer

Rydberg atomic sensors and receivers have enabled sensitive and traceable measurements of RF fields at a wide range of frequencies. Here we demonstrate the detection of electric field amplitude in the extremely high frequency (EHF) band, at…

Radio frequency antennas based on highly excited Rydberg atom vapors can in principle reach sensitivities beyond those of any conventional wire antenna, especially at lower frequencies where very long wires are needed to accommodate the…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Peter B. Weichman

As the backbone of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) encounters a significant challenge in practical applications: how to deploy a large number of antenna elements within limited…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Y. Liu , M. Zhang , T. Wang , A. Zhang , M. Debbah

Quantum sensing has attracted significant attention due to its ability to measure physical quantities with extremely high accuracy. Rydberg atoms - typically alkali atoms with a highly excited valence electron that is far from the nucleus -…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Javane Rostampoor , Raviraj Adve

Rydberg atomic receivers have recently emerged as a promising platform for radio-frequency (RF) sensing and reception due to their intrinsic broadband response and calibration-free operation. Most existing receivers rely on four-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Lahiru Shyamal , Harini Hapuarachchi , Saman Atapattu , Jared H. Cole

Rydberg states of alkali atoms, where the outer valence electron is excited to high principal quantum numbers, have large electric dipole moments allowing them to be used as sensitive, wideband, electric field sensors. These sensors use…

Rydberg molecule, formed by one or more Rydberg atoms, exhibits remarkable properties, including an exceptionally large spatial extent, rich rovibrational level structures, permanent electric dipole moments, and a pronounced sensitivity to…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Jingxu Bai , Yuechun Jiao , Xiao-Qiang Shao , Weibin Li , Jianming Zhao

Governed by the hairy ball theorem, classical antennas with isotropic responses to linearly polarized radio waves are unrealizable. This work shows that the antenna based on Rydberg atoms can theoretically achieve an ideal isotropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-20 Shaoxin Yuan , Mingyong Jing , Hao Zhang , Linjie Zhang , Liantuan Xiao , Suotang Jia

Microwave (MW) field sensing is foundational to modern technology, yet its evolution, reliant on classical antennas, is constrained by fundamental physical limits on field, temporal, and spatial resolutions. Here, we demonstrate an MW…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Yao-Wen Zhang , De-Sheng Xiang , Ren Liao , Hao-Xiang Liu , Biao Xu , Peng Zhou , Yijia Zhou , Kuan Zhang , Lin Li

Rydberg atoms are currently a very fast advancing quantum platform. For many interesting and demanding applications, including quantum computation, fast detection of a Rydberg excitation or a Rydberg qubit for information readout would be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Jinjin Du , Thibault Vogt , Ningxuan Zheng , Wenhui Li

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems involving Rydberg states is known to be a sensitive probe of incident microwave (MW) fields, in particular those resonant with Rydberg-to-Rydberg transitions. Here we propose…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2022-10-06 Sebastian Borówka , Uliana Pylypenko , Mateusz Mazelanik , Michał Parniak

Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules, composed of an excited Rydberg atom and a ground-state atom, are characterized by large bond lengths, dipole moments, sensitivity to external fields, and an unusual binding mechanism based on low-energy…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Agata Wojciechowska , Michał Tomza , Matthew T. Eiles

Rydberg atoms have attracted significant interest recently as electric field sensors. In order to assess potential applications, detailed understanding of relevant figures of merit is necessary, particularly in relation to other, more…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2020-01-13 David H. Meyer , Zachary A. Castillo , Kevin C. Cox , Paul D. Kunz