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We present a novel weakly-supervised framework for classifying whole slide images (WSIs). WSIs, due to their gigapixel resolution, are commonly processed by patch-wise classification with patch-level labels. However, patch-level labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Tiange Xiang , Yang Song , Chaoyi Zhang , Dongnan Liu , Mei Chen , Fan Zhang , Heng Huang , Lauren O'Donnell , Weidong Cai

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Whole slide imaging is fundamental to biomedical microscopy and computational pathology. Previously, learning representations for gigapixel-sized whole slide images (WSIs) has relied on multiple instance learning with weak labels, which do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Xinhai Hou , Cheng Jiang , Akhil Kondepudi , Yiwei Lyu , Asadur Chowdury , Honglak Lee , Todd C. Hollon

Recently there have been many algorithms proposed for the classification of very high resolution whole slide images (WSIs). These new algorithms are mostly focused on finding novel ways to combine the information from small local patches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Long Nguyen , Aiden Nibali , Joshua Millward , Zhen He

The expensive fine-grained annotation and data scarcity have become the primary obstacles for the widespread adoption of deep learning-based Whole Slide Images (WSI) classification algorithms in clinical practice. Unlike few-shot learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Kexue Fu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Linhao Qu , Shuo Wang , Ying Xiong , Ilias Maglogiannis , Longxiang Gao , Manning Wang

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem. Recently, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in WSI classification. However, existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Hao Li , Ying Chen , Yifei Chen , Wenxian Yang , Bowen Ding , Yuchen Han , Liansheng Wang , Rongshan Yu

Whole slide imaging (WSI) is an emerging technology for digital pathology. The process of autofocusing is the main influence of the performance of WSI. Traditional autofocusing methods either are time-consuming due to repetitive mechanical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-17 Qiang Li , Xianming Liu , Kaige Han , Cheng Guo , Xiangyang Ji , Xiaolin Wu

Whole slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology (CPath) pose a major computational challenge due to their gigapixel scale, often requiring the processing of tens to hundreds of thousands of high-resolution patches per slide. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yonghan Shin , SeungKyu Kim , Won-Ki Jeong

The difficulty of processing gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) in clinical microscopy has been a long-standing barrier to implementing computer aided diagnostic systems. Since modern computing resources are unable to perform computations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Sam Maksoud , Kun Zhao , Peter Hobson , Anthony Jennings , Brian Lovell

In computational pathology, multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used to circumvent the computational impasse in giga-pixel whole slide image (WSI) analysis. It usually consists of two stages: patch-level feature extraction and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-21 Beidi Zhao , Wenlong Deng , Zi Han , Li , Chen Zhou , Zuhua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Current approaches for classification of whole slide images (WSI) in digital pathology predominantly utilize a two-stage learning pipeline. The first stage identifies areas of interest (e.g. tumor tissue), while the second stage processes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Marvin Teichmann , Andre Aichert , Hanibal Bohnenberger , Philipp Ströbel , Tobias Heimann

Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis plays a crucial role in modern digital pathology, enabling large-scale feature extraction from tissue samples. However, traditional feature extraction pipelines based on tools like CellProfiler often involve…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-13 Yuechen Yang , Yu Wang , Tianyuan Yao , Ruining Deng , Mengmeng Yin , Shilin Zhao , Haichun Yang , Yuankai Huo

Weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification is challenging due to the lack of patch-level labels and high computational costs. State-of-the-art methods use self-supervised patch-wise feature representations for multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Wentao Huang , Xiaoling Hu , Shahira Abousamra , Prateek Prasanna , Chao Chen

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are giga-pixel in scale and are typically partitioned into small instances in WSI classification pipelines for computational feasibility. However, obtaining extensive instance level annotations is costly, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jayanie Bogahawatte , Sachith Seneviratne , Saman Halgamuge

Background: The use of whole slide imaging (WSI) for digital pathology has recently been cleared for primary diagnosis in the US. A conventional WSI system scans the tissue slide to different positions and acquires the digital images. In a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-26 Shaowei Jiang , Zichao Bian , Xizhi Huang , Pengming Song , He Zhang , Yongbing Zhang , Guoan Zheng

The last decade has seen significant advances in computer-aided diagnostics for cytological screening, mainly through the improvement and integration of scanning techniques such as whole slide imaging (WSI) and the combination with deep…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Philip Groult , Julia D. Sistermanns , Ellen Emken , Oliver Hayden , Wolfgang Utschick

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) has become an important topic during the last decade. Even though significant progress in both medical image processing and computational resources has been achieved, there are still problems in WSI that need to be…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-19 Wafa Chenni , Habib Herbi , Morteza Babaie , H. R. Tizhoosh

Automatic outlining of different tissue types in digitized histological specimen provides a basis for follow-up analyses and can potentially guide subsequent medical decisions. The immense size of whole-slide-images (WSI), however, poses a…

The histopathological analysis of whole-slide images (WSIs) is fundamental to cancer diagnosis but is a time-consuming and expert-driven process. While deep learning methods show promising results, dominant patch-based methods artificially…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Alexander Weers , Alexander H. Berger , Laurin Lux , Peter Schüffler , Daniel Rueckert , Johannes C. Paetzold

With the development of digital imaging in medical microscopy, artificial intelligent-based analysis of pathological whole slide images (WSIs) provides a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis. Limited by the expensive cost of pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jiawen Li , Qiehe Sun , Renao Yan , Yizhi Wang , Yuqiu Fu , Yani Wei , Tian Guan , Huijuan Shi , Yonghonghe He , Anjia Han