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Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the natural language processing paradigm but impose substantial demands on memory and computational resources. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to reduce memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Xilong Xie , Liang Wang , Limin Xiao , Meng Han , Lin Sun , Shuai Zheng , Xiangrong Xu

Scaling model size significantly challenges the deployment and inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). Due to the redundancy in LLM weights, recent research has focused on pushing weight-only quantization to extremely low-bit (even down…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yifei Liu , Jicheng Wen , Yang Wang , Shengyu Ye , Li Lyna Zhang , Ting Cao , Cheng Li , Mao Yang

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) come at the cost of substantial computational resources during deployment. While KV Cache can significantly reduce recomputation during inference, it also introduces additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yi Su , Yuechi Zhou , Quantong Qiu , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at solving a wide variety of tasks, including those involving multi-modal inputs. In particular, instantiating an LLM (such as LLaMA) with a speech encoder and training it on paired data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Desh Raj , Gil Keren , Junteng Jia , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

Quantization can accelerate large language model (LLM) inference. Going beyond INT8 quantization, the research community is actively exploring even lower precision, such as INT4. Nonetheless, state-of-the-art INT4 quantization techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Yujun Lin , Haotian Tang , Shang Yang , Zhekai Zhang , Guangxuan Xiao , Chuang Gan , Song Han

Recent research on the 1-bit Large Language Models (LLMs), such as BitNet b1.58, presents a promising direction for reducing the inference cost of LLMs while maintaining their performance. In this work, we introduce BitNet a4.8, enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Hongyu Wang , Shuming Ma , Furu Wei

This paper proposes a highly compact, lightweight text-to-speech (TTS) model for on-device applications. To reduce the model size, the proposed model introduces two techniques. First, we introduce quantization-aware training (QAT), which…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-05 Masaya Kawamura , Takuya Hasumi , Yuma Shirahata , Ryuichi Yamamoto

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is an effective method to drastically reduce the memory footprint of LLMs while keeping performance degradation at an acceptable level. However, the optimal choice of quantization format and bit-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sohir Maskey , Constantin Eichenberg , Johannes Messner , Douglas Orr

Quantization has emerged as a mainstream method for compressing Large Language Models (LLMs), reducing memory requirements and accelerating inference without architectural modifications. While existing research primarily focuses on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sen Fang , Weiyuan Ding , Antonio Mastropaolo , Bowen Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have grown beyond the memory capacity of single GPU devices, necessitating quantization techniques for practical deployment. While NF4 (4-bit NormalFloat) quantization enables 4$\times$ memory reduction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Xiangbo Qi , Chaoyi Jiang , Murali Annavaram

Large deep learning models have demonstrated strong ability to solve many tasks across a wide range of applications. Those large models typically require training and inference to be distributed. Tensor parallelism is a common technique…

Most large language models (LLMs) run on external clouds: users send a prompt, pay for inference, and must trust that the remote GPU executes the LLM without any adversarial tampering. We critically ask how to achieve verifiable LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Oguzhan Baser , Elahe Sadeghi , Eric Wang , David Ribeiro Alves , Sam Kazemian , Hong Kang , Sandeep P. Chinchali , Sriram Vishwanath

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied but face challenges in efficient inference. While quantization methods reduce computational demands, ultra-low bit quantization with arbitrary precision is hindered by limited GPU Tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Shaobo Ma , Chao Fang , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance but entail significant memory and computational costs, restricting their practical deployment. While existing INT4/INT8 quantization reduces these costs, they often degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hao Zhang , Aining Jia , Weifeng Bu , Yushu Cai , Kai Sheng , Hao Chen , Xin He

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly increasing in size, with the number of parameters becoming a key factor in the success of many commercial models, such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Bard. Even the recently released publicly accessible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Somnath Roy

Large language models have significantly advanced natural language processing, yet their heavy resource demands pose severe challenges regarding hardware accessibility and energy consumption. This paper presents a focused and high-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Tollef Emil Jørgensen

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference services, it is challenging to make a parallelism strategy configuration, to efficiently process the requests of variance context lengths. Requests of long context require high degree of parallelism…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Haoyu Chen , Xue Li , Kun Qian , Yu Guan , Jin Zhao , Xin Wang

Evaluating the quality of machine-generated natural language content is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have been employed for this purpose, but they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Daniil Larionov , Steffen Eger

Extremely low-bit quantization is critical for efficiently deploying Large Language Models (LLMs), yet it often leads to severe performance degradation at 2 bits and even at 4 bits (e.g., MXFP4). We present SignRoundV2, a post-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wenhua Cheng , Weiwei Zhang , Heng Guo , Haihao Shen , Zaner Ma

Recurrent neural networks have achieved excellent performance in many applications. However, on portable devices with limited resources, the models are often too large to deploy. For applications on the server with large scale concurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Chen Xu , Jianqiang Yao , Zhouchen Lin , Wenwu Ou , Yuanbin Cao , Zhirong Wang , Hongbin Zha