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Large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL task. Previous works generally focus on using exclusive SQL generation prompt to improve the LLMs' reasoning ability. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Zhenhe Wu , Zhongqiu Li , Jie Zhang , Mengxiang Li , Yu Zhao , Ruiyu Fang , Zhongjiang He , Xuelong Li , Zhoujun Li , Shuangyong Song

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Text-to-SQL performance, existing benchmarks predominantly focus on Western contexts and simplified schemas, leaving a gap in real-world, non-Western applications. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Aviral Dawar , Roshan Karanth , Vikram Goyal , Dhruv Kumar

Addressing the mismatch between natural language descriptions and the corresponding SQL queries is a key challenge for text-to-SQL translation. To bridge this gap, we propose an SQL intermediate representation (IR) called Natural SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Jinxia Xie , Matthew Purver , John R. Woodward , John Drake , Qiaofu Zhang

Robust evaluation in the presence of linguistic variation is key to understanding the generalization capabilities of Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) models, yet existing benchmarks rarely address this factor in a systematic or controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh , Afshin Oroojlooyjadid , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) know little about enterprise database tables in the private data ecosystem, which substantially differ from web text in structure and content. As LLMs' performance is tied to their training data, a crucial…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Çağatay Demiralp , Fabian Wenz , Peter Baile Chen , Moe Kayali , Nesime Tatbul , Michael Stonebraker

Translating natural language to SQL (Text-to-SQL) is a critical challenge in both database research and data analytics applications. Recent efforts have focused on enhancing SQL reasoning by developing large language models and AI agents…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yuxuan Zhu , Tengjun Jin , Yoojin Choi , Daniel Kang

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did…

Text-to-SQL is a critical task in natural language processing that aims to transform natural language questions into accurate and executable SQL queries. In real-world scenarios, these reasoning tasks are often accompanied by complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tao Liu , Xutao Mao , Hongying Zan , Dixuan Zhang , Yifan Li , Haixin Liu , Lulu Kong , Jiaming Hou , Rui Li , YunLong Li , aoze zheng , Zhiqiang Zhang , Luo Zhewei , Kunli Zhang , Min Peng

Text-to-SQL, which translates a natural language question into an SQL query, has advanced with in-context learning of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods show little improvement in performance compared to randomly chosen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jihyung Lee , Jin-Seop Lee , Jaehoon Lee , YunSeok Choi , Jee-Hyong Lee

NoSQL databases have become increasingly popular due to their outstanding performance in handling large-scale, unstructured, and semi-structured data, highlighting the need for user-friendly interfaces to bridge the gap between…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jinwei Lu , Yuanfeng Song , Zhiqian Qin , Haodi Zhang , Chen Zhang , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases using natural language, simplifying the retrieval and synthesis of information. Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) in translating natural language questions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Gyubok Lee , Woosog Chay , Seonhee Cho , Edward Choi

Speech-to-SQL (S2SQL) aims to convert spoken questions into SQL queries given relational databases, which has been traditionally implemented in a cascaded manner while facing the following challenges: 1) model training is faced with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Huadai Liu , Rongjie Huang , Jinzheng He , Gang Sun , Ran Shen , Xize Cheng , Zhou Zhao

Applying large, proprietary API-based language models to text-to-SQL tasks poses a significant industry challenge: reliance on massive, schema-heavy prompts results in prohibitive per-token API costs and high latency, hindering scalable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Chinmay Soni , Shivam Chourasia , Gaurav Kumar , Hitesh Kapoor

SQL dialects vary in syntax, types, and functions across database engines. Text-to-SQL benchmarks, however, predominantly support only SQLite. This creates a critical evaluation gap: cross-dialect evaluation reveals weak per-query agreement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yotam Perlitz , Elad Venezian , Corentin Royer , Francesco Fusco , Andrea Giovannini

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Text-to-SQL technology has evolved rapidly, with diverse academic methods achieving impressive results. However, deploying these techniques in real-world systems remains challenging due to limited integration tools. Despite these advances,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yihan Wang , Peiyu Liu , Runyu Chen , Jiaxing Pu , Wei Xu

Recent text-to-SQL systems powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in translating natural language queries into SQL. However, these systems often struggle with complex database structures and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Haoyuan Ma , Yongliang Shen , Hengwei Liu , Wenqi Zhang , Haolei Xu , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) has seen significant advancements with large language models (LLMs). However, these models often depend on closed-source systems and high computational resources, posing challenges in data privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenqi Pei , Hailing Xu , Hengyuan Zhao , Shizheng Hou , Han Chen , Zining Zhang , Pingyi Luo , Bingsheng He

Evaluating Text-to-SQL agents in private business intelligence (BI) settings is challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, domain-specific data. While synthetic evaluation data offers a scalable solution, existing generation methods fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jinhui Liu , Ximeng Zhang , Yanbo Ai , Zhou Yu

Translating Natural Language Queries into Structured Query Language (Text-to-SQL or NLQ-to-SQL) is a critical task extensively studied by both the natural language processing and database communities, aimed at providing a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hasan Alp Caferoğlu , Özgür Ulusoy