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Related papers: Formalization of physics index notation in Lean 4

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In this paper we present the first steps towards hardening the science of measuring AI systems, by adopting metrology, the science of measurement and its application, and applying it to human (crowd) powered evaluations. We begin with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Chris Welty , Praveen Paritosh , Lora Aroyo

Autoformalization has emerged as a term referring to the automation of formalization - specifically, the formalization of mathematics using interactive theorem provers (proof assistants). Its rapid development has been driven by progress in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Agnieszka Mensfelt , David Tena Cucala , Santiago Franco , Angeliki Koutsoukou-Argyraki , Vince Trencsenyi , Kostas Stathis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly advancing across diverse domains, yet their application in theoretical physics remains inadequate. While current models show competence in mathematical reasoning and code generation, we identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sirui Lu , Zhijing Jin , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Pavel Kos , J. Ignacio Cirac , Bernhard Schölkopf

We formalize a complete proof of the regular case of Fermat's Last Theorem in the Lean4 theorem prover. Our formalization includes a proof of Kummer's lemma, that is the main obstruction to Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes. Rather…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Alex Best , Christopher Birkbeck , Riccardo Brasca , Eric Rodriguez Boidi , Ruben van De Velde , Andrew Yang

The problem of simplifying tensor expressions is addressed in two parts. The first part presents an algorithm designed to put tensor expressions into a canonical form, taking into account the symmetries with respect to index permutations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Renato Portugal

We are presenting an algorithm capable of simplifying tensor polynomials with indices when the building tensors have index symmetry properties. These properties include simple symmetry, cyclicity and those due to the presence of partial and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Balfagon , X. Jaen

We give a detailed exposition of the "vectorized" notation for dealing with quantum operations. This notation is used to highlight the relationships between representations of completely-positive dynamics. Vectorization considerably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-19 Alexei Gilchrist , Daniel R. Terno , Christopher J. Wood

In finite element calculations, the integral forms are usually evaluated using nested loops over elements, and over quadrature points. Many such forms (e.g. linear or multi-linear) can be expressed in a compact way, without the explicit…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Robert Cimrman

Use of explicit integration methods for power electronic circuits with ideal switch models significantly improves simulation speed. The PLECS package [1] has effectively used this idea; however, the implementation details involved in PLECS…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Mahesh B. Patil

Due to the occurrence of large exceptional Lie groups in supergravity, calculations involving explicit Lie algebra and Lie group element manipulations easily become very complicated and hence also error-prone if done by hand. Research on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas Fischbacher

Vector algebra is a powerful and needful tool for Physics but unfortunately, due to lack of mathematical skills, it becomes misleading for first undergraduate courses of science and engineering studies. Standard vector identities are…

General Physics · Physics 2009-04-14 Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Valverde , Maria Tirado-Miranda

Interactive theorem provers, like Isabelle/HOL, Coq and Lean, have expressive languages that allow the formalization of general mathematical objects and proofs. In this context, an important goal is to reduce the time and effort needed to…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Marcus Rossel , Andrés Goens

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has demonstrated its capabilities in the present world that reduce human effort significantly. It utilizes deep learning techniques to create original and realistic content in terms of text,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Aman Kumar , Deepak Narayan Gadde

With the development of topological field theory, the mathematical tool of the tensor category was also introduced into physics. Traditional group theory corresponds to a special category,group category. Tensor categories can describe…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Yuanye Zhu

This article discusses an efficient implementation of tensors of arbitrary rank by using some of the idioms introduced by the recently published C++ ISO Standard (C++11). With the aims at providing a basic building block for…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2014-06-02 Alejandro M. Aragón

We develop a graphical notation to introduce classical Lie algebras. Although this paper deals with well-known results, our pictorial point of view is slightly different to the traditional one. Our graphical notation is fairly elementary…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-29 Rafael Diaz , Eddy Pariguan

The paper presents a REDUCE program for the simplification of tensor expressions that are considered as formal indexed objects. The proposed algorithm is based on the consideration of tensor expressions as vectors in some linear space. This…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2018-11-14 V. A. Ilyin , A. P. Kryukov

An essential step in the process of developing a physics identity is the opportunity to engage in authentic physics practices - an ideal place to gain these experiences is physics laboratory courses. We are designing a practice-based…

Physics Education · Physics 2019-04-05 Kelsey Funkhouser , Marcos D. Caballero , Paul W. Irving , Vashti Sawtelle

Despite recent advances in automating theorem proving in full first-order theories, inductive reasoning still poses a serious challenge to state-of-the-art theorem provers. The reason for that is that in first-order logic induction requires…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Johannes Schoisswohl , Laura Kovacs

Recent advances in automated theorem proving (ATP) through LLMs have highlighted the potential of formal reasoning with Lean 4 codes. However, ATP has not yet be revolutionized by the recent posttraining scaling as demonstrated by Open AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jingyuan Zhang , Qi Wang , Xingguang Ji , Yahui Liu , Yang Yue , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Guorui Zhou , Kun Gai