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This paper introduces Jailbreak-Zero, a novel red teaming methodology that shifts the paradigm of Large Language Model (LLM) safety evaluation from a constrained example-based approach to a more expansive and effective policy-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Kai Hu , Abhinav Aggarwal , Mehran Khodabandeh , David Zhang , Eric Hsin , Li Chen , Ankit Jain , Matt Fredrikson , Akash Bharadwaj

Existing gradient-based jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) typically optimize adversarial suffixes to align the LLM output with predefined target responses. However, restricting the objective as inducing fixed targets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xinzhe Huang , Wenjing Hu , Tianhang Zheng , Kedong Xiu , Xiaojun Jia , Di Wang , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Large Language Diffusion Models (LLDMs) exhibit comparable performance to LLMs while offering distinct advantages in inference speed and mathematical reasoning tasks.The precise and rapid generation capabilities of LLDMs amplify concerns of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Yuanhe Zhang , Fangzhou Xie , Zhenhong Zhou , Zherui Li , Hao Chen , Kun Wang , Yufei Guo

A fundamental issue in deep learning has been adversarial robustness. As these systems have scaled, such issues have persisted. Currently, large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters suffer from adversarial attacks just like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Brian Formento , Chuan Sheng Foo , See-Kiong Ng

We present a novel black-box jailbreaking framework that integrates multiple LLM-as-Attacker strategies to deliver highly transferable and effective attacks. The framework is grounded in three key insights from prior jailbreaking research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yiqi Yang , Hongye Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, encounter `jailbreak' challenges, wherein safeguards are circumvented to generate ethically harmful prompts. This study introduces a straightforward black-box method for efficiently crafting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Kazuhiro Takemoto

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks - resulting in harmful, unethical, or biased text generations. However, existing jailbreaking methods are computationally costly. In this paper, we propose the weak-to-strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Xuandong Zhao , Xianjun Yang , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang , William Yang Wang

Despite explicit alignment efforts for large language models (LLMs), they can still be exploited to trigger unintended behaviors, a phenomenon known as "jailbreaking." Current jailbreak attack methods mainly focus on discrete prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Guanghao Zhou , Panjia Qiu , Mingyuan Fan , Cen Chen , Mingyuan Chu , Xin Zhang , Jun Zhou

The rapid evolution of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has catalyzed unprecedented capabilities in artificial intelligence; however, this continuous modal expansion has inadvertently exposed a vastly broadened and unconstrained adversarial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jianhao Chen , Haoyang Chen , Hanjie Zhao , Haozhe Liang , Tieyun Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for their advanced text generation capabilities across various domains. However, like any software, they face security challenges, including the risk of 'jailbreak' attacks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jie Li , Yi Liu , Chongyang Liu , Ling Shi , Xiaoning Ren , Yaowen Zheng , Yang Liu , Yinxing Xue

Understanding the vulnerabilities of Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) to jailbreak attacks is essential for their responsible real-world deployment. Most previous work requires access to model gradients, or is based on human knowledge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ruoxi Cheng , Yizhong Ding , Shuirong Cao , Ranjie Duan , Xiaoshuang Jia , Shaowei Yuan , Simeng Qin , Zhiqiang Wang , Xiaojun Jia

As Spoken Language Models (SLMs) integrate speech and text modalities, they inherit the safety vulnerabilities of their LLM backbone and an expanded attack surface. SLMs have been previously shown to be susceptible to jailbreaking, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Aravind Krishnan , Karolina Stańczak , Dietrich Klakow

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in various fields of society due to their powerful reasoning, understanding, and generation capabilities. However, the security issues associated with these models are becoming increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanxu Mao , Peipei Liu , Tiehan Cui , Zhaoteng Yan , Congying Liu , Datao You

Large language models (LLMs) are being rapidly developed, and a key component of their widespread deployment is their safety-related alignment. Many red-teaming efforts aim to jailbreak LLMs, where among these efforts, the Greedy Coordinate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiaojun Jia , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Yihao Huang , Jindong Gu , Yang Liu , Xiaochun Cao , Min Lin

Small Language Models (SLMs) are emerging as efficient and economically viable alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), offering competitive performance with significantly lower computational costs and latency. These advantages make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Md Jueal Mia , Joaquin Molto , Yanzhao Wu , M. Hadi Amini

The systems and software powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Modal LLMs (MLLMs) have played a critical role in numerous scenarios. However, current LLM systems are vulnerable to prompt-based attacks, with jailbreaking attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xiaoyu Zhang , Cen Zhang , Tianlin Li , Yihao Huang , Xiaojun Jia , Ming Hu , Jie Zhang , Yang Liu , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Black-box adversarial attacks on Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are challenging due to missing gradients and complex multimodal boundaries. While prior state-of-the-art transfer-based approaches like M-Attack perform well using local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xiaohan Zhao , Zhaoyi Li , Yaxin Luo , Jiacheng Cui , Zhiqiang Shen

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) rely on attention-based retrieval of safety instructions to maintain alignment during generation. Existing attacks typically optimize image perturbations to maximize harmful output likelihood, but suffer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jingru Li , Wei Ren , Tianqing Zhu

The integration of new modalities into frontier AI systems offers exciting capabilities, but also increases the possibility such systems can be adversarially manipulated in undesirable ways. In this work, we focus on a popular class of…

In this paper, we investigate the safety mechanisms of instruction fine-tuned large language models (LLMs). We discover that re-weighting MLP neurons can significantly compromise a model's safety, especially for MLPs in end-of-sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yifan Luo , Zhennan Zhou , Meitan Wang , Bin Dong