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As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) can be largely attributed to the advent of pre-trained language models such as BERT and RoBERTa. While these models demonstrate remarkable performance on general datasets, they can…

In recent years, major advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have been driven by the emergence of large language models (LLMs), which have significantly revolutionized research and development within the field. Building upon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Hazal Türkmen , Oğuz Dikenelli , Cenk Eraslan , Mehmet Cem Çallı , Süha Süreyya Özbek

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) aim to learn universal language representations by conducting self-supervised training tasks on large-scale corpora. Since PLMs capture word semantics in different contexts, the quality of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Wenhao Yu , Chenguang Zhu , Yuwei Fang , Donghan Yu , Shuohang Wang , Yichong Xu , Michael Zeng , Meng Jiang

We present CodeBERT, a bimodal pre-trained model for programming language (PL) and nat-ural language (NL). CodeBERT learns general-purpose representations that support downstream NL-PL applications such as natural language codesearch, code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Zhangyin Feng , Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Xiaocheng Feng , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Daxin Jiang , Ming Zhou

Rapid advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have revolutionized many fields, including healthcare. However, these advances raise significant privacy concerns, especially when pre-trained models fine-tuned and specialized on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Antoine Boutet , Lucas Magnana , Juliette Sénéchal

Existing pre-trained language models (PLMs) are often computationally expensive in inference, making them impractical in various resource-limited real-world applications. To address this issue, we propose a dynamic token reduction approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Deming Ye , Yankai Lin , Yufei Huang , Maosong Sun

Pre-trained language models (PLM) have demonstrated their effectiveness for a broad range of information retrieval and natural language processing tasks. As the core part of PLM, multi-head self-attention is appealing for its ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Shanshan Wang , Zhumin Chen , Zhaochun Ren , Huasheng Liang , Qiang Yan , Pengjie Ren

Contextual embedding-based language models trained on large data sets, such as BERT and RoBERTa, provide strong performance across a wide range of tasks and are ubiquitous in modern NLP. It has been observed that fine-tuning these models on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vin Sachidananda , Jason S. Kessler , Yi-an Lai

Recent years have witnessed the burgeoning of pretrained language models (LMs) for text-based natural language (NL) understanding tasks. Such models are typically trained on free-form NL text, hence may not be suitable for tasks like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Pengcheng Yin , Graham Neubig , Wen-tau Yih , Sebastian Riedel

We study the performance of Long Short-Term Memory networks for keystroke biometric authentication at large scale in free-text scenarios. For this we explore the performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTMs) networks trained with a moderate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Alejandro Acien , Aythami Morales , John V. Monaco , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Julian Fierrez

Most knowledge graph completion (KGC) methods learn latent representations of entities and relations of a given graph by mapping them into a vector space. Although the majority of these methods focus on static knowledge graphs, a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Duygu Sezen Islakoglu , Mel Chekol , Yannis Velegrakis

Attention-based architectures trained on internet-scale language data have demonstrated state of the art reasoning ability for various language-based tasks, such as logic problems and textual reasoning. Additionally, these Large Language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Mark Van der Merwe , Devesh Jha

Text-based person retrieval aims to identify specific individuals within an image database using textual descriptions. Due to the high cost of annotation and privacy protection, researchers resort to synthesized data for the paradigm of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hang Yu , Jiahao Wen , Zhedong Zheng

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

Large-scale pre-trained models such as CodeBERT, GraphCodeBERT have earned widespread attention from both academia and industry. Attributed to the superior ability in code representation, they have been further applied in multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Shangqing Liu , Bozhi Wu , Xiaofei Xie , Guozhu Meng , Yang Liu

Keystroke dynamics can be used to analyze the way that users type by measuring various aspects of keyboard input. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of user authentication and identification utilizing keystroke dynamics. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Han-Chih Chang , Jianwei Li , Ching-Seh Wu , Mark Stamp

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical component in online learning, but traditional approaches face limitations in interpretability and cross-domain adaptability. This paper introduces Language Model-based Code Knowledge Tracing (CodeLKT),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Yeonji Jung , Minji Kang , Gyuri Byun , Yeonseo Lee , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

Time is an important aspect of documents and is used in a range of NLP and IR tasks. In this work, we investigate methods for incorporating temporal information during pre-training to further improve the performance on time-related tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Jiexin Wang , Adam Jatowt , Masatoshi Yoshikawa , Yi Cai

User modeling is critical for personalized web applications. Existing user modeling methods usually train user models from user behaviors with task-specific labeled data. However, labeled data in a target task may be insufficient for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Yang Yu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie