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The transformer neural network has significantly out-shined all other neural network architectures as the engine behind large language models. We provide a theoretical analysis of the expressivity of the transformer architecture through the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Mattia Jacopo Villani , Peter McBurney

Suffix trees are a fundamental data structure in stringology, but their space usage, though linear, is an important problem for its applications. We design and implement a new compressed suffix tree targeted to highly repetitive texts, such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Manuel Cáceres , Gonzalo Navarro

Decision trees have been a very popular class of predictive models for decades due to their interpretability and good performance on categorical features. However, they are not always robust and tend to overfit the data. Additionally, if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Oktay Gunluk , Jayant Kalagnanam , Minhan Li , Matt Menickelly , Katya Scheinberg

Applying machine learning to mathematical terms and formulas requires a suitable representation of formulas that is adequate for AI methods. In this paper, we develop an encoding that allows for logical properties to be preserved and is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Stanisław Purgał , Julian Parsert , Cezary Kaliszyk

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has extensive applications in automated grading and office automation. However, existing sequence-based decoding methods, which directly predict $\LaTeX$ sequences, struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Jianhua Zhu , Wenqi Zhao , Yu Li , Xingjian Hu , Liangcai Gao

Graph transformers are a recent advancement in machine learning, offering a new class of neural network models for graph-structured data. The synergy between transformers and graph learning demonstrates strong performance and versatility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ahsan Shehzad , Feng Xia , Shagufta Abid , Ciyuan Peng , Shuo Yu , Dongyu Zhang , Karin Verspoor

Language models generate reasoning sequentially, preventing them from decoupling irrelevant exploration paths during search. We introduce Tree-Structured Language Modeling (TSLM), which uses special tokens to encode branching structure,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Doyoung Kim , Jaehyeok Doo , Minjoon Seo

Pre-trained Transformer language models (LM) have become go-to text representation encoders. Prior research fine-tunes deep LMs to encode text sequences such as sentences and passages into single dense vector representations for efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Luyu Gao , Jamie Callan

This paper investigates the structure of linear operators introduced in Hernandez et al. [2023] that decode specific relational facts in transformer language models. We extend their single-relation findings to a collection of relations and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Miranda Anna Christ , Adrián Csiszárik , Gergely Becsó , Dániel Varga

We discuss the performance characteristics of using the modification of the tree code suggested by Barnes \citep{1990JCoPh..87..161B} in the context of the TreePM code. The optimisation involves identifying groups of particles and using…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 Nishikanta Khandai , J. S. Bagla

Being able to learn an effective semantic representation directly on raw point clouds has become a central topic in 3D understanding. Despite rapid progress, state-of-the-art encoders are restrictive to canonicalized point clouds, and have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Jun-Kun Chen , Yu-Xiong Wang

Decision tree learning is a popular classification technique most commonly used in machine learning applications. Recent work has shown that decision trees can be used to represent provably-correct controllers concisely. Compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Pranav Ashok , Mathias Jackermeier , Pushpak Jagtap , Jan Křetínský , Maximilian Weininger , Majid Zamani

Random forests on the one hand, and neural networks on the other hand, have met great success in the machine learning community for their predictive performance. Combinations of both have been proposed in the literature, notably leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Ludovic Arnould , Claire Boyer , Erwan Scornet , Sorbonne Lpsm

While large language models are primarily used on natural language tasks, they have also shown great promise when adapted to new modalities, e.g., for scientific machine learning tasks. Most proposed approaches for such cross-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Paloma García-de-Herreros , Philipp Slusallek , Dietrich Klakow , Vagrant Gautam

We present an architecture that is effective for continual learning in an especially demanding setting, where task boundaries do not exist or are unknown, and where classes have to be learned online (with each example presented only once).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Murray Shanahan , Christos Kaplanis , Jovana Mitrović

The increasing number of protein sequences decoded from genomes is opening up new avenues of research on linking protein sequence to function with transformer neural networks. Recent research has shown that the number of known protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Anowarul Kabir , Amarda Shehu

LRM-Trees are an elegant way to partition a sequence of values into sorted consecutive blocks, and to express the relative position of the first element of each block within a previous block. They were used to encode ordinal trees and to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-09-30 Jérémy Barbay , Johannes Fischer

Existing cross-encoder models can be categorized as pointwise, pairwise, or listwise. Pairwise and listwise models allow passage interactions, which typically makes them more effective than pointwise models but less efficient and less…

This work introduces a transformation-based learner model for classification forests. The weak learner at each split node plays a crucial role in a classification tree. We propose to optimize the splitting objective by learning a linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-02-07 Qiang Qiu , Guillermo Sapiro

Tensor is the most basic and essential data structure of nowadays artificial intelligence (AI) system. The natural properties of Tensor, especially the memory-continuity and slice-independence, make it feasible for training system to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Shaoang Zhang , Yazhe Niu