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Reinforcement learning (RL) trains an agent from experiences interacting with the environment. In scenarios where online interactions are impractical, offline RL, which trains the agent using pre-collected datasets, has become popular.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Chen Gong , Kecen Li , Jin Yao , Tianhao Wang

Reinforcement learning agents are fundamentally limited by the quality of the reward functions they learn from, yet reward design is often overlooked under the assumption that a well-defined reward is readily available. However, in…

We initiate the mathematical study of replicability as an algorithmic property in the context of reinforcement learning (RL). We focus on the fundamental setting of discounted tabular MDPs with access to a generative model. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Amin Karbasi , Grigoris Velegkas , Lin F. Yang , Felix Zhou

Many research fields are currently reckoning with issues of poor levels of reproducibility. Some label it a "crisis", and research employing or building Machine Learning (ML) models is no exception. Issues including lack of transparency,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Harald Semmelrock , Tony Ross-Hellauer , Simone Kopeinik , Dieter Theiler , Armin Haberl , Stefan Thalmann , Dominik Kowald

Executing workflows on volunteer computing resources where individual tasks may be forced to relinquish their resource for the resource's primary use leads to unpredictability and often significantly increases execution time. Task…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Andrew Stephen McGough , Matthew Forshaw

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves multimodal reasoning by rewarding verifiable final answers. Yet answer-correct trajectories may still rely on incomplete derivations, weak evidence, or statements that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Meng Jiang

Agent decision making using Reinforcement Learning (RL) heavily relies on either a model or simulator of the environment (e.g., moving in an 8x8 maze with three rooms, playing Chess on an 8x8 board). Due to this dependence, small changes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Wenjun Li , Pradeep Varakantham , Dexun Li

Training agents to operate under strict constraints during deployment, such as limited resource budgets or stringent safety requirements, presents significant challenges, especially when these constraints render the task complex. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Georgios Tzannetos , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Adish Singla

Most offline reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms return a target policy maximizing a trade-off between (1) the expected performance gain over the behavior policy that collected the dataset, and (2) the risk stemming from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Zhang-Wei Hong , Pulkit Agrawal , Rémi Tachet des Combes , Romain Laroche

A key limitation in using various modern methods of machine learning in developing feedback control policies is the lack of appropriate methodologies to analyze their long-term dynamics, in terms of making any sort of guarantees (even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Sean Gillen , Katie Byl

Given the inherent non-stationarity prevalent in real-world applications, continual Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to equip the agent with the capability to address a series of sequentially presented decision-making tasks. Within this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Feng Chen , Fuguang Han , Cong Guan , Lei Yuan , Zhilong Zhang , Yang Yu , Zongzhang Zhang

Understanding a Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy is crucial for ensuring that autonomous agents behave according to human expectations. This goal can be achieved using Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) techniques. Although textual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ahmad Terra , Mohit Ahmed , Rafia Inam , Elena Fersman , Martin Törngren

Despite recent progress in reinforcement learning (RL), RL algorithms for exploration still remain an active area of research. Existing methods often focus on state-based metrics, which do not consider the underlying causal structures of…

Decision Transformer (DT) is an innovative algorithm leveraging recent advances of the transformer architecture in reinforcement learning (RL). However, a notable limitation of DT is its reliance on recalling trajectories from datasets,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Yi Ma , Chenjun Xiao , Hebin Liang , Jianye Hao

Research in machine learning is making progress in fixing its own reproducibility crisis. Reinforcement learning (RL), in particular, faces its own set of unique challenges. Comparison of point estimates, and plots that show successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ted Fujimoto , Joshua Suetterlein , Samrat Chatterjee , Auroop Ganguly

Simplicity is a critical inductive bias for designing data-driven controllers, especially when robustness is important. Despite the impressive results of deep reinforcement learning in complex control tasks, it is prone to capturing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Bang You , Chenxu Wang , Huaping Liu

Despite the impressive feats demonstrated by Reinforcement Learning (RL), these algorithms have seen little adoption in high-risk, real-world applications due to current difficulties in explaining RL agent actions and building user trust.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Timothy K. Mathes , Jessica Inman , Andrés Colón , Simon Khan

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have achieved great success in solving many challenging tasks while their black-box nature hinders interpretability and real-world applicability, making it difficult for human experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jingdi Chen , Hanhan Zhou , Yongsheng Mei , Carlee Joe-Wong , Gina Adam , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Tian Lan

Understanding customer movement within retail spaces is essential for optimizing store layouts. Real-world trajectory data can provide highly accurate insights, but collecting it is costly and often infeasible for many retailers. Heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ken Ming Lee , Paul Barde , Maxime C. Cohen , Derek Nowrouzezahrai

Replication of experimental results has been a challenge faced by many scientific disciplines, including the field of machine learning. Recent work on the theory of machine learning has formalized replicability as the demand that an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Eric Eaton , Marcel Hussing , Michael Kearns , Aaron Roth , Sikata Bela Sengupta , Jessica Sorrell