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Sharding is used to address the performance and scalability issues of the blockchain protocols, which divides the overall transaction processing costs among multiple clusters of nodes. Shards require less storage capacity and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch

Existing blockchain sharding protocols have focused on eliminating imbalanced workload distributions. However, even with workload balance, disparities in processing capabilities can lead to differential stress among shards, resulting in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xinpeng Huang , Wanqing Jie , Shiwen Zhang , Haofu Yang , Wangjie Qiu , Qinnan Zhang , Huawei Huang , Zehui Xiong , Shaoting Tang , Hongwei Zheng , Zhiming Zheng

Blockchain Sharding is a blockchain performance enhancement approach. By splitting a blockchain into several parallel-run committees (shards), it helps increase transaction throughput, reduce computational resources required, and increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yibin Xu , Jianhua Shao , Yangyu Huang , Tijs Slaats , Boris Düdder

State-of-the-art blockchain sharding solutions such as Monoxide, can cause severely imbalanced distribution of transaction (TX) workloads across all blockchain shards due to the deployment policy of their accounts. Imbalanced TX…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huawei Huang , Zhaokang Yin , Qinde Chen , Guang Ye , Xiaowen Peng , Yue Lin , Zibin Zheng , Song Guo

Traditional blockchains cannot achieve the same transaction throughput as Web2, so their use cases are limited. Therefore, state sharding has been proposed to improve transaction throughput by dividing the blockchain network and managing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Takaki Asanuma , Takeshi Miyamae , Yuji Yamaoka

For permissionless blockchains, scalability is paramount. While current technologies still fail to address this problem fully, many research works propose sharding or other techniques that extensively adopt parallel processing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Andrea Mariani , Gianluca Mariani , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

Sharding is essential for improving blockchain scalability. Existing protocols overlook diverse adversarial attacks, limiting transaction throughput. This paper presents Reticulum, a groundbreaking sharding protocol addressing this issue,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yibin Xu , Jingyi Zheng , Boris Düdder , Tijs Slaats , Yongluan Zhou

Sharding is a prominent technique for scaling blockchains. By dividing the network into smaller components known as shards, a sharded blockchain can process transactions in parallel without introducing inconsistencies through the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Sifu Luo , Tiantian Gong , Zicong Hong , Aniket Kate

Sharding is proposed to enhance blockchain scalability. However, a size-security dilemma where every shard must be large enough to ensure its security constrains the efficacy of individual shards and the degree of sharding itself. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Jianting Zhang , Zhongtang Luo , Raghavendra Ramesh , Aniket Kate

Cryptocurrencies, implemented with blockchain protocols, promise to become a global payment system if they can overcome performance limitations. Rapidly advancing architectures improve on latency and throughput, but most require all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Alex Manuskin , Michael Mirkin , Ittay Eyal

Nowadays, sharding is deemed as a promising way to save traditional blockchain protocols from their low scalability. However, such technique also brings several potential risks and huge communication overheads. An improper design may give…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Mengqian Zhang , Jichen Li , Zhaohua Chen , Hongyin Chen , Xiaotie Deng

We propose Shard Scheduler, a system for object placement and migration in account-based sharded blockchains. Our system calculates optimal placement and decides of object migrations across shards and supports complex multi-account…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Michał Król , Onur Ascigil , Sergi Rene , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Etienne Rivière

Storage scalability is paramount in the era of big data blockchain. A storage-scalable blockchain can effectively scale out state storage to an arbitrary number of nodes and reduce the storage pressure on each, similar to distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Guangda Sun , Jialin Li

In order to fully unlock the transformative power of distributed ledgers and blockchains, it is crucial to develop innovative consensus algorithms that can overcome the obstacles of security, scalability, and interoperability, which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Amirhossein Taherpour , Xiaodong Wang

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Blockchain technologies are one possible avenue for increasing the resilience of the Smart Grid, by decentralizing the monitoring and control of system-level objectives such as voltage stability protection. They furthermore offer benefits…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Kimia Honari , Xiaotian Zhou , Sara Rouhani , Scott Dick , Hao Liang , James Miller Li , James Miller

Although blockchain, the supporting technology of various cryptocurrencies, has offered a potentially effective framework for numerous decentralized trust management systems, its performance is still sub-optimal in real-world networks. With…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Canran Wang , Netanel Raviv

Traditional Blockchain Sharding approaches can only tolerate up to n/3 of nodes being adversary because they rely on the hypergeometric distribution to make a failure (an adversary does not have n/3 of nodes globally but can manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

Sharding scales throughput by splitting blockchain nodes into parallel groups. However, different shards' independent and random scheduling for cross-shard transactions results in numerous conflicts and aborts, since cross-shard…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Jinwen Liang , Jie Zhang , Albert Zomaya