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[Background] Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are essential for synthesizing evidence in Software Engineering (SE), but keeping them up-to-date requires substantial effort. Study selection, one of the most labor-intensive steps,…

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been used as backbones for recommender systems. However, their performance often lags behind conventional methods in standard tasks like retrieval. We attribute this to a mismatch between LLMs'…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuwei Cao , Nikhil Mehta , Xinyang Yi , Raghunandan Keshavan , Lukasz Heldt , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy

LLM alignment ensures that large language models behave safely and effectively by aligning their outputs with human values, goals, and intentions. Aligning LLMs employ huge amounts of data, computation, and time. Moreover, curating data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Amrit Khera , Rajat Ghosh , Debojyoti Dutta

The quality of meeting summaries generated by natural language generation (NLG) systems is hard to measure automatically. Established metrics such as ROUGE and BERTScore have a relatively low correlation with human judgments and fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Frederic Kirstein , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

Evaluating text summarization has been a challenging task in natural language processing (NLP). Automatic metrics which heavily rely on reference summaries are not suitable in many situations, while human evaluation is time-consuming and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Huyen Nguyen , Haihua Chen , Lavanya Pobbathi , Junhua Ding

Meta-analyses statistically aggregate the findings of different randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess treatment effectiveness. Because this yields robust estimates of treatment effectiveness, results from meta-analyses are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Hye Sun Yun , David Pogrebitskiy , Iain J. Marshall , Byron C. Wallace

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

The increasing capacities of large language models (LLMs) have been shown to present an unprecedented opportunity to scale up data analytics in the humanities and social sciences, by automating complex qualitative tasks otherwise typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Andres Karjus

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

Code review is critical for ensuring software quality and maintainability. With the rapid growth in software scale and complexity, code review has become a bottleneck in the development process because of its time-consuming and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuxin Zhang , Yuxia Zhang , Zeyu Sun , Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu

The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly relies on other LLMs acting as judges. However, current evaluation paradigms typically yield a single score or ranking, answering which model is better but not why. While essential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Yotam Perlitz , Roy Bar-Haim , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

When developing new large language models (LLMs), a key step is evaluating their final performance, often by computing the win-rate against a reference model based on external feedback. Human feedback is the gold standard, particularly for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zhaoyi Zhou , Yuda Song , Andrea Zanette

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has brought a critical need for high-quality human-labeled data, particularly for processes like human feedback and evaluation. A common practice is to label data via consensus annotation over human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Manya Wadhwa , Jifan Chen , Junyi Jessy Li , Greg Durrett

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been integrated into recommender systems to enhance user behavior comprehension. The Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) technique is further incorporated into these systems to retrieve more relevant items…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Sichun Luo , Jian Xu , Xiaojie Zhang , Linrong Wang , Sicong Liu , Hanxu Hou , Linqi Song

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara

Developing decision-support systems that complement human performance in classification tasks remains an open challenge. A popular approach, Learning to Defer (LtD), allows a Machine Learning (ML) model to pass difficult cases to a human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Andrea Pugnana , Giovanni De Toni , Cesare Barbera , Roberto Pellungrini , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

Large language models offer a scalable alternative to human coding for data annotation tasks, enabling the scale-up of research across data-intensive domains. While LLMs are already achieving near-human accuracy on objective annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhen Xu , Vedant Khatri , Yijun Dai , Xiner Liu , Siyan Li , Xuanming Zhang , Renzhe Yu

Large language models (LLMs) can label data faster and cheaper than humans for various NLP tasks. Despite their prowess, LLMs may fall short in understanding of complex, sociocultural, or domain-specific context, potentially leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Hannah Kim , Kushan Mitra , Rafael Li Chen , Sajjadur Rahman , Dan Zhang

Responding to the thousands of student questions on online QA platforms each semester has a considerable human cost, particularly in computing courses with rapidly growing enrollments. To address the challenges of scalable and intelligent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Yann Hicke , Anmol Agarwal , Qianou Ma , Paul Denny