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We propose a generalization of neural network sequence models. Instead of predicting one symbol at a time, our multi-scale model makes predictions over multiple, potentially overlapping multi-symbol tokens. A variation of the byte-pair…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-06 Bart van Merriënboer , Amartya Sanyal , Hugo Larochelle , Yoshua Bengio

State-of-the-art models are now trained with billions of parameters, reaching hardware limits in terms of memory consumption. This has created a recent demand for memory-efficient optimizers. To this end, we investigate the limits and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Xinyi Chen , Naman Agarwal , Elad Hazan , Cyril Zhang , Yi Zhang

Low-rank and sparse composite approximation is a natural idea to compress Large Language Models (LLMs). However, such an idea faces two primary challenges that adversely affect the performance of existing methods. The first challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Changhai Zhou , Qian Qiao , Yuhua Zhou , Yuxin Wu , Shichao Weng , Weizhong Zhang , Cheng Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful reasoning and generation capabilities but incur substantial run-time costs when operating in agentic workflows that chain together lengthy prompts and process rich data streams. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Joong Ho Choi , Jiayang Zhao , Jeel Shah , Ritvika Sonawane , Vedant Singh , Avani Appalla , Will Flanagan , Filipe Condessa

We explore threshold vocabulary trimming in Byte-Pair Encoding subword tokenization, a postprocessing step that replaces rare subwords with their component subwords. The technique is available in popular tokenization libraries but has not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Marco Cognetta , Tatsuya Hiraoka , Naoaki Okazaki , Rico Sennrich , Yuval Pinter

Relative to English, low-resource languages suffer from substantial tokenization premiums in modern LMs, meaning that it generally requires several times as many tokens to encode a sentence in a low-resource language than to encode the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Geoffrey Churchill , Steven Skiena

Large Language Models (LLMs) with multimodal capabilities have revolutionized vision-language tasks, but their deployment often requires huge memory and computational resources. While post-training quantization (PTQ) has successfully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shubhang Bhatnagar , Andy Xu , Kar-Han Tan , Narendra Ahuja

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across tasks, but face storage and compute challenges on edge devices. We propose EntroLLM, a compression framework combining mixed quantization and entropy coding to reduce storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Arnab Sanyal , Gourav Datta , Prithwish Mukherjee , Sandeep P. Chinchali , Michael Orshansky

Large Language Models (LLMs) often experience performance degradation during long-running interactions due to increasing context length, memory saturation, and computational overhead. This paper presents an adaptive context compression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Payal Fofadiya , Sunil Tiwari

Subword tokenization methods, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), significantly impact the performance and efficiency of large language models (LLMs). The standard approach involves training a general-purpose tokenizer that uniformly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Vijini Liyanage , François Yvon

Large language models (LLMs) are dominated by dense linear transformations, whose storage, memory and computational overheads hinder efficient adaptation and deployment while masking the functional impacts of structural simplification. Here…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ying Lu , Peng-Fei Zhou , Qi-Xuan Fang , Pan Zhang , Shi-Ju Ran , Gang Su

Recent work explored the potential of large-scale Transformer-based pre-trained models, especially Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) in natural language processing. This raises many concerns from various perspectives, e.g., financial costs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Yuxin Ren , Benyou Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

This paper introduces EdgeProfiler, a fast profiling framework designed for evaluating lightweight Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge systems. While LLMs offer remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Alyssa Pinnock , Shakya Jayakody , Kawsher A Roxy , Md Rubel Ahmed

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in understanding and generating responses from diverse visual inputs, including high-resolution images and long video sequences. As these models scale…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junwan Kim , Hyunkyung Bae

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have driven advances in natural language processing. Still, their growing scale has increased the computational burden, necessitating a balance between efficiency and performance. Low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yixin Ji , Yang Xiang , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Zi Ye , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

Efficient methods for storing and querying are critical for scaling high-order n-gram language models to large corpora. We propose a language model based on compressed suffix trees, a representation that is highly compact and can be easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Ehsan Shareghi , Matthias Petri , Gholamreza Haffari , Trevor Cohn

The prevalent use of Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) in Large Language Models (LLMs) facilitates robust handling of subword units and avoids issues of out-of-vocabulary words. Despite its success, a critical challenge persists: long tokens, rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Haoran Lian , Yizhe Xiong , Zijia Lin , Jianwei Niu , Shasha Mo , Hui Chen , Peng Liu , Guiguang Ding

Integrating audio comprehension and generation into large language models (LLMs) remains challenging due to the continuous nature of audio and the resulting high sampling rates. Here, we introduce a novel approach that combines Variational…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-31 Shivam Mehta , Nebojsa Jojic , Hannes Gamper

Almost all existing machine translation models are built on top of character-based vocabularies: characters, subwords or words. Rare characters from noisy text or character-rich languages such as Japanese and Chinese however can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Changhan Wang , Kyunghyun Cho , Jiatao Gu

In this paper, we consider several compression techniques for the language modeling problem based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs). It is known that conventional RNNs, e.g, LSTM-based networks in language modeling, are characterized with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-09 Artem M. Grachev , Dmitry I. Ignatov , Andrey V. Savchenko