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Humans possess spatial reasoning abilities that enable them to understand spaces through multimodal observations, such as vision and sound. Large multimodal reasoning models extend these abilities by learning to perceive and reason, showing…

Humans are born with vision-based 4D spatial-temporal intelligence, which enables us to perceive and reason about the evolution of 3D space over time from purely visual inputs. Despite its importance, this capability remains a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xingyilang Yin , Chengzhengxu Li , Jiahao Chang , Chi-Man Pun , Xiaodong Cun

Understanding spatial relations is a crucial cognitive ability for both humans and AI. While current research has predominantly focused on the benchmarking of text-to-image (T2I) models, we propose a more comprehensive evaluation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Shang Hong Sim , Clarence Lee , Alvin Tan , Cheston Tan

Spatial understanding is a fundamental aspect of computer vision and integral for human-level reasoning about images, making it an important component for grounded language understanding. While recent text-to-image synthesis (T2I) models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Tejas Gokhale , Hamid Palangi , Besmira Nushi , Vibhav Vineet , Eric Horvitz , Ece Kamar , Chitta Baral , Yezhou Yang

In this paper, we claim that spatial understanding is the keypoint in robot manipulation, and propose SpatialVLA to explore effective spatial representations for the robot foundation model. Specifically, we introduce Ego3D Position Encoding…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Delin Qu , Haoming Song , Qizhi Chen , Yuanqi Yao , Xinyi Ye , Yan Ding , Zhigang Wang , JiaYuan Gu , Bin Zhao , Dong Wang , Xuelong Li

The remarkable achievements of ChatGPT and GPT-4 have sparked a wave of interest and research in the field of large language models for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). These models provide intelligent solutions close to human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Xiang Li , Congcong Wen , Yuan Hu , Zhenghang Yuan , Xiao Xiang Zhu

The resurgence and rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in 2023 has catalyzed transformative shifts across numerous industry sectors, including urban transportation and logistics. This study investigates the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Shaowei Ying , Zhenlong Li , Manzhu Yu

Background: Spatial reasoning has been identified as a critical skill for success in STEM. Unfortunately, under-represented groups often have lower incoming spatial ability. Courses that improve spatial skills exist but are not widely used.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yiannos Demetriou , Manasvi Parikh , Sara Eskandari , Westley Weimer , Madeline Endres

Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive results on single-view vision tasks, but lack the multi-view spatial reasoning capabilities essential for embodied AI systems to understand 3D environments and manipulate objects across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Suchae Jeong , Jaehwi Song , Haeone Lee , Hanna Kim , Jian Kim , Dongjun Lee , Dong Kyu Shin , Changyeon Kim , Dongyoon Hahm , Woogyeol Jin , Juheon Choi , Kimin Lee

Reasoning about spatial relationships between objects is essential for many real-world robotic tasks, such as fetch-and-delivery, object rearrangement, and object search. The ability to detect and disambiguate different objects and identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Negar Nejatishahidin , Madhukar Reddy Vongala , Jana Kosecka

This study investigates the spatial reasoning capabilities of vision-language models (VLMs) through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting and reinforcement learning. We begin by evaluating the impact of different prompting strategies and find…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Binbin Ji , Siddharth Agrawal , Qiance Tang , Yvonne Wu

We introduce Blueprint-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate spatial reasoning capabilities in AI models through the task of converting apartment photographs into accurate 2D floor plans. While the input modality (photographs) is well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lukas Petersson , Axel Backlund , Axel Wennstöm , Hanna Petersson , Callum Sharrock , Arash Dabiri

Knowledge about space and time is necessary to solve problems in the physical world: An AI agent situated in the physical world and interacting with objects often needs to reason about positions of and relations between objects; and as soon…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Jae Hee Lee , Michael Sioutis , Kyra Ahrens , Marjan Alirezaie , Matthias Kerzel , Stefan Wermter

The integration of language and 3D perception is critical for embodied AI and robotic systems to perceive, understand, and interact with the physical world. Spatial reasoning, a key capability for understanding spatial relationships between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Jiaxin Huang , Ziwen Li , Hanlve Zhang , Runnan Chen , Xiao He , Yandong Guo , Wenping Wang , Tongliang Liu , Mingming Gong

Pedestrian gestures play an important role in traffic communication, particularly in interactions with autonomous vehicles (AVs), yet their subtle, ambiguous, and context-dependent nature poses persistent challenges for machine…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tram Thi Minh Tran , Xinyan Yu , Callum Parker , Julie Stephany Berrio Perez , Stewart Worrall , Martin Tomitsch

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental capability for embodied intelligence, especially for fine-grained manipulation tasks such as robotic assembly. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit preliminary spatial awareness, they largely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhi Jing , Jinbin Qiao , Ouyang Lu , Jicong Ao , Shuang Qiu , Yu-Gang Jiang , Chenjia Bai

Spatial referring is a fundamental capability of embodied robots to interact with the 3D physical world. However, even with the powerful pretrained vision language models (VLMs), recent approaches are still not qualified to accurately…

Classical robot navigation often relies on hardcoded state machines and purely geometric path planners, limiting a robot's ability to interpret high-level semantic instructions. In this paper, we first assess GPT-4's ability to act as a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Jesse Barkley , Abraham George , Amir Barati Farimani

GPT-Vision has impressed us on a range of vision-language tasks, but it comes with the familiar new challenge: we have little idea of its capabilities and limitations. In our study, we formalize a process that many have instinctively been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Alyssa Hwang , Andrew Head , Chris Callison-Burch

Spatial understanding is essential for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to support perception, reasoning, and planning in embodied environments. Despite recent progress, existing studies reveal that MLLMs still struggle with spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wanyue Zhang , Yibin Huang , Yangbin Xu , JingJing Huang , Helu Zhi , Shuo Ren , Wang Xu , Jiajun Zhang