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Community Notes is X's crowdsourced fact-checking program: contributors write short notes that add context to potentially misleading posts, and other contributors rate whether those notes are helpful. Its algorithm uses a matrix…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohak Goyal , Nishka Arora , Ashish Goel

We present an approach for selecting objectively informative and subjectively helpful annotations to social media posts. We draw on data from on an online environment where contributors annotate misinformation and simultaneously rate the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Stefan Wojcik , Sophie Hilgard , Nick Judd , Delia Mocanu , Stephen Ragain , M. B. Fallin Hunzaker , Keith Coleman , Jay Baxter

The pervasive spread of misinformation and disinformation poses a significant threat to society. Professional fact-checkers play a key role in addressing this threat, but the vast scale of the problem forces them to prioritize their limited…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Terrence Neumann , Sooyong Lee , Maria De-Arteaga , Sina Fazelpour , Matthew Lease

Understanding the sources of variability in annotations is crucial for developing fair NLP systems, especially for tasks like sexism detection where demographic bias is a concern. This study investigates the extent to which annotator…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hadi Mohammadi , Tina Shahedi , Pablo Mosteiro , Massimo Poesio , Ayoub Bagheri , Anastasia Giachanou

Fake news detection plays a crucial role in protecting social media users and maintaining a healthy news ecosystem. Among existing works, comment-based fake news detection methods are empirically shown as promising because comments could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Qiong Nan , Qiang Sheng , Juan Cao , Beizhe Hu , Danding Wang , Jintao Li

This paper investigates how collaborative AI systems can enhance user agency in identifying and evaluating misinformation on social media platforms. Traditional methods, such as personal judgment or basic fact-checking, often fall short…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Varun Sangwan , Heidi Makitalo

The spread of media bias is a significant concern as political discourse shapes beliefs and opinions. Addressing this challenge computationally requires improved methods for interpreting news. While large language models (LLMs) can scale…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Qile Wang , Prerana Khatiwada , Avinash Chouhan , Ashrey Mahesh , Joy Mwaria , Duy Duc Tran , Kenneth E. Barner , Matthew Louis Mauriello

LLM use in annotation is becoming widespread, and given LLMs' overall promising performance and speed, simply "reviewing" LLM annotations in interpretive tasks can be tempting. In subjective annotation tasks with multiple plausible answers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hope Schroeder , Deb Roy , Jad Kabbara

We build a novel database of around 285,000 notes from the Twitter Community Notes program to analyze the causal influence of appending contextual information to potentially misleading posts on their dissemination. Employing a difference in…

General Economics · Economics 2024-04-04 Thomas Renault , David Restrepo Amariles , Aurore Troussel

Recent work in large language modeling (LLMs) has used fine-tuning to align outputs with the preferences of a prototypical user. This work assumes that human preferences are static and homogeneous across individuals, so that aligning to a a…

In recent years, algorithms have been incorporated into fact-checking pipelines. They are used not only to flag previously fact-checked misinformation, but also to provide suggestions about which trending claims should be prioritized for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Terrence Neumann , Nicholas Wolczynski

AI-generated misinformation (e.g., deepfakes) poses a growing threat to information integrity on social media. However, prior research has largely focused on its potential societal consequences rather than its real-world prevalence. In this…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chiara Drolsbach , Nicolas Pröllochs

Community Notes (CNs) of X enables users to collaboratively moderate misleading content. To resolve conflicting moderation, CNs infers a latent ideological dimension and selects notes garnering cross-partisan support. As this system is now…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Paul Bouchaud , Pedro Ramaciotti

In NLP annotation, it is common to have multiple annotators label the text and then obtain the ground truth labels based on the agreement of major annotators. However, annotators are individuals with different backgrounds, and minors'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Ruyuan Wan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Data annotation underpins the success of modern AI, but the aggregation of crowd-collected datasets can harm the preservation of diverse perspectives in data. Difficult and ambiguous tasks cannot easily be collapsed into unitary labels.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Malik Khadar , Daniel Runningen , Julia Tang , Stevie Chancellor , Harmanpreet Kaur

To support efficient, balanced news consumption, merging articles from diverse sources into one, potentially through crowdsourcing, could alleviate some hurdles. However, the merging process could also impact annotators' attitudes towards…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Md Momen Bhuiyan , Sang Won Lee , Nitesh Goyal , Tanushree Mitra

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

Is an LLM telling you different facts than it's telling me? This paper introduces ConsistencyAI, an independent benchmark for measuring the factual consistency of large language models (LLMs) for different personas. ConsistencyAI tests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Peter Banyas , Shristi Sharma , Alistair Simmons , Atharva Vispute

The release note is a crucial document outlining changes in new software versions. Yet, many developers view the process of writing software release notes as a tedious and dreadful task. Consequently, numerous tools have been developed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Farbod Daneshyan , Runzhi He , Jianyu Wu , Minghui Zhou

Misinformation posting and spreading in Social Media is ignited by personal decisions on the truthfulness of news that may cause wide and deep cascades at a large scale in a fraction of minutes. When individuals are exposed to information,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Giancarlo Ruffo , Alfonso Semeraro