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Linguistically informed analyses of language models (LMs) contribute to the understanding and improvement of these models. Here, we introduce the corpus of Chinese linguistic minimal pairs (CLiMP), which can be used to investigate what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Beilei Xiang , Changbing Yang , Yu Li , Alex Warstadt , Katharina Kann

To understand what kinds of linguistic knowledge are encoded by pretrained Chinese language models (LMs), we introduce the benchmark of Sino LINGuistics (SLING), which consists of 38K minimal sentence pairs in Mandarin Chinese grouped into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Yixiao Song , Kalpesh Krishna , Rajesh Bhatt , Mohit Iyyer

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enhanced the ability to generalize across a wide range of unseen natural language processing (NLP) tasks through instruction-following. Yet, their effectiveness often diminishes in…

We introduce The Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs (shortened to BLiMP), a challenge set for evaluating what language models (LMs) know about major grammatical phenomena in English. BLiMP consists of 67 sub-datasets, each containing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Alex Warstadt , Alicia Parrish , Haokun Liu , Anhad Mohananey , Wei Peng , Sheng-Fu Wang , Samuel R. Bowman

Minimal pairs are a well-established approach to evaluating the grammatical knowledge of language models. However, existing resources for minimal pairs address a limited number of languages and lack diversity of language-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Ekaterina Taktasheva , Maxim Bazhukov , Kirill Koncha , Alena Fenogenova , Ekaterina Artemova , Vladislav Mikhailov

We introduce a novel analysis that leverages linguistic minimal pairs to probe the internal linguistic representations of Large Language Models (LLMs). By measuring the similarity between LLM activation differences across minimal pairs, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Xinyu Zhou , Delong Chen , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Xufeng Duan , Zhenguang G. Cai

In this paper, we introduce the Quebec-French Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs (QFrBLiMP), a corpus designed to evaluate LLMs' linguistic knowledge of prominent grammatical phenomena in Quebec-French. QFrBLiMP comprises 1,761 minimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 David Beauchemin , Pier-Luc Veilleux , Johanna-Pascale Roy , Richard Khoury

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in cost-sensitive and on-device scenarios, and safety guardrails have advanced mainly in English. However, real-world Chinese malicious queries typically conceal intent via homophones,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zhenhong Zhou , Shilinlu Yan , Chuanpu Liu , Qiankun Li , Kun Wang , Zhigang Zeng

As the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, evaluating their performance becomes increasingly crucial and challenging. This paper aims to bridge this gap by introducing CMMLU, a comprehensive Chinese benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Haonan Li , Yixuan Zhang , Fajri Koto , Yifei Yang , Hai Zhao , Yeyun Gong , Nan Duan , Timothy Baldwin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in user-facing applications, raising concerns that they may reflect and amplify social biases. We investigate social identity biases in Chinese LLMs using Mandarin-specific prompts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Geng Liu , Feng Li , Junjie Mu , Mengxiao Zhu , Francesco Pierri

We introduce TurBLiMP, the first Turkish benchmark of linguistic minimal pairs, designed to evaluate the linguistic abilities of monolingual and multilingual language models (LMs). Covering 16 linguistic phenomena with 1000 minimal pairs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Ezgi Başar , Francesca Padovani , Jaap Jumelet , Arianna Bisazza

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, Chinese LLMs face unique challenges, primarily due to the dominance of unstructured free text and the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Chengwei Wu , Jiapu Wang , Mingyang Gao , Xingrui Zhuo , Jipeng Guo , Runlin Lei , Haoran Luo , Tianyu Chen , Haoyi Zhou , Shirui Pan , Zechao Li

While the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been studied in both Simplified and Traditional Chinese, it is yet unclear whether LLMs exhibit differential performance when prompted in these two variants of written Chinese.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Hanjia Lyu , Jiebo Luo , Jian Kang , Allison Koenecke

Linguistic ambiguity is critical to the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet existing research focuses mostly on English, with limited attention devoted to Chinese. Existing Chinese ambiguity datasets (e.g., CHAmbi) suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Junwen Mo , Yuanzhi Lu , Yifang Xue , Ke Xu , Hideki Nakayama

Alignment has become a critical step for instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) to become helpful assistants. However, the effective evaluation of alignment for emerging Chinese LLMs is still largely unexplored. To fill in this gap,…

Despite having hundreds of millions of speakers, Chinese dialects lag behind Mandarin in speech and language technologies. Most varieties are primarily spoken, making dialect-to-Mandarin speech-LLMs (large language models) more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Kalvin Chang , Yiwen Shao , Jiahong Li , Dong Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual contexts, yet their consistency across languages on politically sensitive topics remains understudied. This paper presents a systematic bilingual benchmark study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ju-Chun Ko

Chinese Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities across various NLP benchmarks and real-world applications. However, the existing benchmarks for comprehensively evaluating these LLMs are still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Chuang Liu , Renren Jin , Yuqi Ren , Deyi Xiong

We introduce MultiBLiMP 1.0, a massively multilingual benchmark of linguistic minimal pairs, covering 101 languages and 2 types of subject-verb agreement, containing more than 128,000 minimal pairs. Our minimal pairs are created using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jaap Jumelet , Leonie Weissweiler , Joakim Nivre , Arianna Bisazza

Recently, the development and progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) have amazed the entire Artificial Intelligence community. Benefiting from their emergent abilities, LLMs have attracted more and more researchers to study their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Yinghui Li , Haojing Huang , Shirong Ma , Yong Jiang , Yangning Li , Feng Zhou , Hai-Tao Zheng , Qingyu Zhou
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