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The increased use of large language models (LLMs) across a variety of real-world applications calls for mechanisms to verify the factual accuracy of their outputs. In this work, we present a holistic end-to-end solution for annotating the…

Large language models (LLMs) often produce unsupported or unverifiable content, known as "hallucinations." To mitigate this, retrieval-augmented LLMs incorporate citations, grounding the content in verifiable sources. Despite such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Weijia Zhang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Yifei Yuan , Jiahuan Pei , Jia-Hong Huang , Evangelos Kanoulas

Assessing factuality of text generated by large language models (LLMs) is an emerging yet crucial research area, aimed at alerting users to potential errors and guiding the development of more reliable LLMs. Nonetheless, the evaluators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Shiqi Chen , Yiran Zhao , Jinghan Zhang , I-Chun Chern , Siyang Gao , Pengfei Liu , Junxian He

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for advancing fact-checking by leveraging their capabilities in reasoning, evidence retrieval, and explanation generation. However, existing benchmarks fail to comprehensively evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shuo Yang , Yuqin Dai , Guoqing Wang , Xinran Zheng , Jinfeng Xu , Jinze Li , Zhenzhe Ying , Weiqiang Wang , Edith C. H. Ngai

Grounded claim factuality checking is important for large language model (LLM) applications such as retrieval-augmented generation, as it helps users assess the correctness of generated outputs. Existing metrics using entailment classifiers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinated content, posing significant challenges for applications where factuality is crucial. While existing hallucination detection methods typically operate at the sentence level or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Albert Sawczyn , Jakub Binkowski , Denis Janiak , Bogdan Gabrys , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Claim verification can be a challenging task. In this paper, we present a method to enhance the robustness and reasoning capabilities of automated claim verification through the extraction of short facts from evidence. Our novel approach,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Nazanin Jafari , James Allan

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Tatiana Anikina , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko

Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, yet most existing fact-checking methods treat factuality evaluation as a binary classification problem, offering limited interpretability and failing to capture fine-grained error types. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yuzhuo Bai , Shuzheng Si , Kangyang Luo , Qingyi Wang , Wenhao Li , Gang Chen , Fanchao Qi , Maosong Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate, impeding their reliability in mission-critical situations. One approach to address this issue is to provide citations to relevant sources alongside generated content, enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Rami Aly , Zhiqiang Tang , Samson Tan , George Karypis

The increasing prevalence of online misinformation has heightened the demand for automated fact-checking solutions. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools for assisting in this task, but their effectiveness remains…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Nicolo' Fontana , Francesco Corso , Enrico Zuccolotto , Francesco Pierri

Large Language Models tend to struggle when dealing with specialized domains. While all aspects of evaluation hold importance, factuality is the most critical one. Similarly, reliable fact-checking tools and data sources are essential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Anum Afzal , Juraj Vladika , Florian Matthes

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn significant attention due to their outstanding reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge repository, positioning them as superior in handling various natural language processing tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Han Cao , Lingwei Wei , Mengyang Chen , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

This work studies improving large language model (LLM) generations at inference time by mitigating fact-conflicting hallucinations. Particularly, we propose a self-endorsement framework that leverages the fine-grained fact-level comparisons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Ante Wang , Linfeng Song , Baolin Peng , Ye Tian , Lifeng Jin , Haitao Mi , Jinsong Su , Dong Yu

The rapid spread of multilingual misinformation requires robust automated fact verification systems capable of handling fine-grained veracity assessments across diverse languages. While large language models have shown remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hanna Shcharbakova , Tatiana Anikina , Natalia Skachkova , Josef van Genabith

Fact-checking is necessary to address the increasing volume of misinformation. Traditional fact-checking relies on manual analysis to verify claims, but it is slow and resource-intensive. This study establishes baseline comparisons for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Premtim Sahitaj , Iffat Maab , Junichi Yamagishi , Jawan Kolanowski , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across diverse tasks, their inference dynamics remain poorly understood because of the limited resolution of existing analysis tools. In this work, we identify an intrinsic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Chengda Lu , Xiaoyu Fan , Wei Xu

In this paper, we explore the challenges associated with establishing an end-to-end fact-checking pipeline in a real-world context, covering over 90 languages. Our real-world experimental benchmarks demonstrate that fine-tuning Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Vinay Setty

Recent benchmarks have probed factual consistency and rhetorical robustness in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a knowledge gap exists regarding how directional framing of factually true statements influences model agreement, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jaeho Lee , Atharv Chowdhary

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to produce hallucinations - factually incorrect or fabricated information - which poses significant challenges for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, such as dialogue systems. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Xiangyan Chen , Yufeng Li , Yujian Gan , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Matthew Purver
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