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We study a fully connected Hopfield-type associative memory network with online activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, where neural states and synaptic couplings coevolve during retrieval. Using the generating-functional formalism, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-22 Yoshinori Hara , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

In 1982 John Hopfield published a neural network model for memory retrieval, a model that became a cornerstone in theoretical neuroscience. A key ingredient of the Hopfield model was the use of a network dynamics that is governed by a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-12 Merav Stern , Eric Shea-Brown

The Hopfield model is a paradigmatic model of neural networks that has been analyzed for many decades in the statistical physics, neuroscience, and machine learning communities. Inspired by the manifold hypothesis in machine learning, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-05-01 Matteo Negri , Clarissa Lauditi , Gabriele Perugini , Carlo Lucibello , Enrico Malatesta

Neural population activity in cortical and hippocampal circuits can be flexibly reorganized by context, suggesting that cognition relies on dynamic manifolds rather than static representations. However, how such dynamic organization can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Chong Li , Taiping Zeng , Xiangyang Xue , Jianfeng Feng

We examine a previouly introduced attractor neural network model that explains the persistent activities of neurons in the anterior ventral temporal cortex of the brain. In this model, the coexistence of several attractors including…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 T. Uezu , A. Hirano , M. Okada

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-20 Luca Ambrogioni

The past few years have witnessed an increased interest in learning Hamiltonian dynamics in deep learning frameworks. As an inductive bias based on physical laws, Hamiltonian dynamics endow neural networks with accurate long-term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Zhijie Chen , Mingquan Feng , Junchi Yan , Hongyuan Zha

We propose and analyze a new variation of the so-called {\em exponential Hopfield model}, a recently introduced family of associative neural networks with unprecedented storage capacity. Our construction is based on a cost function defined…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-09-09 Linda Albanese , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Peter Sollich

Associative memory, traditionally modeled by Hopfield networks, enables the retrieval of previously stored patterns from partial or noisy cues. Yet, the local computational principles which are required to enable this function remain…

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

A growing body of research indicates that structural plasticity mechanisms are crucial for learning and memory consolidation. Starting from a simple phenomenological model, we exploit a mean-field approach to develop a theoretical framework…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-19 Gianmarco Tiddia , Luca Sergi , Bruno Golosio

We study the problem of learning associative memory -- a system which is able to retrieve a remembered pattern based on its distorted or incomplete version. Attractor networks provide a sound model of associative memory: patterns are stored…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-21 Sergey Bartunov , Jack W Rae , Simon Osindero , Timothy P Lillicrap

Active systems across scales, ranging from molecular machines to human crowds, are usually modeled as assemblies of self-propelled particles driven by internally generated forces. However, these models often assume memoryless dynamics and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-10 Marc Besse , Raphaël Voituriez

Contextual memory integration remains a high challenge in the development of language models, particularly in tasks that require maintaining coherence over extended sequences. Traditional approaches, such as self-attention mechanisms and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 George Applegarth , Christian Weatherstone , Maximilian Hollingsworth , Henry Middlebrook , Marcus Irvin

Learning or memory formation are associated with the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons according to a pattern reflected by the input. According to this theory a retained memory sequence is associated to a dynamic…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-03-23 Pascal Chossat , Martin Krupa

The Hopfield model is a pioneering neural network model with associative memory retrieval. The analytical solution of the model in mean field limit revealed that memories can be retrieved without any error up to a finite storage capacity of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-10-31 Do-Hyun Kim , Jinha Park , B. Kahng

Storing memory for molecular recognition is an efficient strategy for responding to external stimuli. Biological processes use different strategies to store memory. In the olfactory cortex, synaptic connections form when stimulated by an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-06-07 Oskar H Schnaack , Luca Peliti , Armita Nourmohammad

In the mammalian brain, newly acquired memories depend on the hippocampus for maintenance and recall, but over time the neocortex takes over these functions, rendering memories hippocampus-independent. The process responsible for this…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-02 Peter Helfer , Thomas R. Shultz

A large number of neural network models of associative memory have been proposed in the literature. These include the classical Hopfield networks (HNs), sparse distributed memories (SDMs), and more recently the modern continuous Hopfield…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Beren Millidge , Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Understanding the theoretical foundations of how memories are encoded and retrieved in neural populations is a central challenge in neuroscience. A popular theoretical scenario for modeling memory function is the attractor neural network…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-17 Alireza Alemi , Carlo Baldassi , Nicolas Brunel , Riccardo Zecchina