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Concept-based interpretations of black-box models are often more intuitive for humans to understand. The most widely adopted approach for concept-based interpretation is Concept Activation Vector (CAV). CAV relies on learning a linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Andrew Bai , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Pradeep Ravikumar , Neil Y. C. Lin , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Humans use abstract concepts for understanding instead of hard features. Recent interpretability research has focused on human-centered concept explanations of neural networks. Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs) estimate a model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Avani Gupta , Saurabh Saini , P J Narayanan

Security researchers grapple with the surge of malicious files, necessitating swift identification and classification of malware strains for effective protection. Visual classifiers and in particular Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Matteo Brosolo , Vinod Puthuvath , Mauro Conti

Although saliency maps can highlight important regions to explain the reasoning behind image classification in artificial intelligence (AI), the meaning of these regions is left to the user's interpretation. In contrast, conceptbased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Michihiro Kuroki , Toshihiko Yamasaki

In recent years, deep learning has become prevalent to solve applications from multiple domains. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) particularly have demonstrated state of the art performance for the task of image classification. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Meghna P Ayyar , Jenny Benois-Pineau , Akka Zemmari

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for high-stakes applications like medicine, often surpassing human performance. However, most explanation methods rely on post-hoc attribution, approximating the decision-making process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

Evaluating, explaining, and visualizing high-level concepts in generative models, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs), is challenging in part due to a lack of known prediction classes that are required to generate saliency maps in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Lennart Brocki , Neo Christopher Chung

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Tillmann Rheude , Andreas Wirtz , Arjan Kuijper , Stefan Wesarg

Analysis of how semantic concepts are represented within Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is a widely used approach in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for interpreting CNNs. A motivation is the need for transparency in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Georgii Mikriukov , Gesina Schwalbe , Christian Hellert , Korinna Bade

With the intervention of machine vision in our crucial day to day necessities including healthcare and automated power plants, attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ram S Iyer , Narayan S Iyer , Rugmini Ammal P

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have recently been shown in many computer vision and pattern recog- nition applications to outperform by a significant margin state- of-the-art solutions that use traditional hand-crafted features.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2015-04-22 Yi Hou , Hong Zhang , Shilin Zhou

In image classification, Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) models have achieved high performance with the rapid development in deep learning. However, some categories in the image datasets are more difficult to distinguished than others.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Yuntao Liu , Yong Dou , Ruochun Jin , Peng Qiao

CAM-based methods are widely-used post-hoc interpretability method that produce a saliency map to explain the decision of an image classification model. The saliency map highlights the important areas of the image relevant to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Magamed Taimeskhanov , Ronan Sicre , Damien Garreau

In the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), fine-grained vehicle classification systems play an essential role. Recently, the authors have presented a novel vision-based classification approach in which standard end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Andreas Caduff , Klaus Zahn , Jonas Hofstetter , Martin Rechsteiner , Patrick Flaig

Existing research for image captioning usually represents an image using a scene graph with low-level facts (objects and relations) and fails to capture the high-level semantics. In this paper, we propose a Theme Concepts extended Image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Zhihao Fan , Zhongyu Wei , Siyuan Wang , Ruize Wang , Zejun Li , Haijun Shan , Xuanjing Huang

A particular class of Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide saliency maps to highlight part of the image a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model looks at to classify the image as a way to explain its working. These methods provide an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sam Zabdiel Sunder Samuel , Vidhya Kamakshi , Namrata Lodhi , Narayanan C Krishnan

We propose a general framework called Network Dissection for quantifying the interpretability of latent representations of CNNs by evaluating the alignment between individual hidden units and a set of semantic concepts. Given any CNN model,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-20 David Bau , Bolei Zhou , Aditya Khosla , Aude Oliva , Antonio Torralba

Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Haofan Wang , Zifan Wang , Mengnan Du , Fan Yang , Zijian Zhang , Sirui Ding , Piotr Mardziel , Xia Hu

While Transformers have rapidly gained popularity in various computer vision applications, post-hoc explanations of their internal mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Vision Transformers extract visual information by representing image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Junyi Wu , Bin Duan , Weitai Kang , Hao Tang , Yan Yan

Saliency methods provide post-hoc model interpretation by attributing input features to the model outputs. Current methods mainly achieve this using a single input sample, thereby failing to answer input-independent inquiries about the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Naveed Akhtar , Mohammad A. A. K. Jalwana