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Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

People learn whenever and wherever possible, and whatever they like or encounter--Mathematics, Drama, Art, Languages, Physics, Philosophy, and so on. With the bursting of knowledge, evaluation of one's understanding of conceptual knowledge…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Gangli Liu

The task of "unlearning" certain concepts in large language models (LLMs) has attracted immense attention recently, due to its importance in mitigating undesirable model behaviours, such as the generation of harmful, private, or incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yihuai Hong , Lei Yu , Haiqin Yang , Shauli Ravfogel , Mor Geva

LLM evaluation benchmarks have traditionally separated the testing of knowledge/reasoning capabilities from instruction following. In this work, we study the interaction between knowledge and instruction following, and observe that LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Rudra Murthy , Praveen Venkateswaran , Prince Kumar , Danish Contractor

Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm designed to protect data privacy. However, data heterogeneity across various clients results in catastrophic forgetting, where the model rapidly forgets previous knowledge while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Pengju Wang , Bochao Liu , Weijia Guo , Yong Li , Shiming Ge

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of AI-powered tutoring systems that provide interactive support via dialogue. To enable these tutoring systems to provide personalized support, it is essential to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shuyan Huang , Alexander Scarlatos , Jaewook Lee , Andrew Lan

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a widely used and interpretable student modeling approach in intelligent tutoring systems and educational data mining. However, most implementations rely on expectation-maximization or related…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Siddhartha Pradhan , Yanping Pei , Morgan Lee , Puyuan Zhang , Erin Ottmar , Adam C. Sales

With the rapid development in online education, knowledge tracing (KT) has become a fundamental problem which traces students' knowledge status and predicts their performance on new questions. Questions are often numerous in online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yang Yang , Jian Shen , Yanru Qu , Yunfei Liu , Kerong Wang , Yaoming Zhu , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

The current learning systems typically lack the level of metacognitive awareness, self-directed learning, and time management skills. Most of the ontologically based learning management systems are in the proposed phase and those which are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Monika Rani , Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava , O. P. Vyas

The 2017 ASSISTments Data Mining competition aims to use data from a longitudinal study for predicting a brand-new outcome of students which had never been studied before by the educational data mining research community. Specifically, it…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Chun-kit Yeung , Zizheng Lin , Kai Yang , Dit-yan Yeung

The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, particularly large language models (LLMs), has increased interest in intelligent tutoring systems. However, LLMs often show limited adaptivity and struggle to model learners'…

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict students' future performances based on their former exercises and additional information in educational settings. KT has received significant attention since it facilitates personalized experiences in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hao Zhou , Wenge Rong , Jianfei Zhang , Qing Sun , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhang Xiong

Knowledge Tracing (KT) diagnoses students' concept mastery through continuous learning state monitoring in education.Existing methods primarily focus on studying behavioral sequences based on ID or textual information.While existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xingcheng Fu , Shengpeng Wang , Yisen Gao , Xianxian Li , Chunpei Li , Qingyun Sun , Dongran Yu

Unified multimodal models aim to jointly enable visual understanding and generation, yet current benchmarks rarely examine their true integration. Existing evaluations either treat the two abilities in isolation or overlook tasks that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kai Zou , Ziqi Huang , Yuhao Dong , Shulin Tian , Dian Zheng , Hongbo Liu , Jingwen He , Bin Liu , Yu Qiao , Ziwei Liu

Quantum Federated Learning (QFL) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that merges the principles of Quantum Computing (QC) and Federated Learning (FL), with the goal of leveraging quantum technologies to enhance privacy, security, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Chao Ren , Rudai Yan , Huihui Zhu , Han Yu , Minrui Xu , Yuan Shen , Yan Xu , Ming Xiao , Zhao Yang Dong , Mikael Skoglund , Dusit Niyato , Leong Chuan Kwek

Cognitive diagnosis is an essential research topic in intelligent education, aimed at assessing the level of mastery of different skills by students. So far, many research works have used deep learning models to explore the complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jin Wu , Chanjin Zheng

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a popular approach for predicting students' future performance at practice problems using their prior attempts. Though many innovations have been made in KT, most models including the state-of-the-art Deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Yang Shi , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes , Thomas Price

In recent years, trustworthiness has garnered increasing attention and exploration in the field of intelligent education, due to the inherent sensitivity of educational scenarios, such as involving minors and vulnerable groups, highly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Xiaoshan Yu , Shangshang Yang , Ziwen Wang , Haiping Ma , Xingyi Zhang

Sequential recommendation effectively models dynamic user interests but continues to face challenges related to data sparsity. While self-supervised learning has alleviated this issue to some extent, most existing methods focus exclusively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ziqiang Cui , Xing Tang , Peiyang Liu , Xiaokun Zhang , Shiwei Li , Xiuqiang He , Chen Ma