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Objective evaluation of synthesized speech is critical for advancing speech generation systems, yet existing metrics for intelligibility and prosody remain limited in scope and weakly correlated with human perception. Word Error Rate (WER)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Ismail Rasim Ulgen , Zongyang Du , Junchen Lu , Philipp Koehn , Berrak Sisman

The recent explosion in popularity of large language models (LLMs) has inspired learning engineers to incorporate them into adaptive educational tools that automatically score summary writing. Understanding and evaluating LLMs is vital…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Adam Coscia , Langdon Holmes , Wesley Morris , Joon Suh Choi , Scott Crossley , Alex Endert

Automatically evaluating the quality of language generation is critical. Although recent learned metrics show high correlation with human judgement, these metrics can not explain their verdict or associate the scores with defects in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Wenda Xu , Danqing Wang , Liangming Pan , Zhenqiao Song , Markus Freitag , William Yang Wang , Lei Li

Being able to read and understand written text is critical in a digital era. However, studies shows that a large fraction of the population experiences comprehension issues. In this context, further initiatives in accessibility are required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Paul Tardy , Charlotte Roze , Paul Poupet

Implicit hate speech (IHS) is indirect language that conveys prejudice or hatred through subtle cues, sarcasm or coded terminology. IHS is challenging to detect as it does not include explicit derogatory or inflammatory words. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Vassiliy Cheremetiev , Quang Long Ho Ngo , Chau Ying Kot , Alina Elena Baia , Andrea Cavallaro

This paper introduces an objective metric for evaluating a parsing scheme. It is based on Shannon's original work with letter sequences, which can be extended to part-of-speech tag sequences. It is shown that this regular language is an…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Caroline Lyon , Stephen Brown

Hateful speech detection is a key component of content moderation, yet current evaluation frameworks rarely assess why a text is deemed hateful. We introduce \textsf{HateXScore}, a four-component metric suite designed to evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yujia Hu , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Anthropomorphism, or the attribution of human-like characteristics to non-human entities, has shaped conversations about the impacts and possibilities of technology. We present AnthroScore, an automatic metric of implicit anthropomorphism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Myra Cheng , Kristina Gligoric , Tiziano Piccardi , Dan Jurafsky

Previous research on word embeddings has shown that sparse representations, which can be either learned on top of existing dense embeddings or obtained through model constraints during training time, have the benefit of increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Valentin Trifonov , Octavian-Eugen Ganea , Anna Potapenko , Thomas Hofmann

Hate speech detection is a crucial area of research in natural language processing, essential for ensuring online community safety. However, detecting implicit hate speech, where harmful intent is conveyed in subtle or indirect ways,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yumin Kim , Hwanhee Lee

The objective speech quality assessment is usually conducted by comparing received speech signal with its clean reference, while human beings are capable of evaluating the speech quality without any reference, such as in the mean opinion…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-06 Meng Yu , Chunlei Zhang , Yong Xu , Shixiong Zhang , Dong Yu

Large language models (LLMs) can pass explicit social bias tests but still harbor implicit biases, similar to humans who endorse egalitarian beliefs yet exhibit subtle biases. Measuring such implicit biases can be a challenge: as LLMs…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xuechunzi Bai , Angelina Wang , Ilia Sucholutsky , Thomas L. Griffiths

Evaluating sign language generation is often done through back-translation, where generated signs are first recognized back to text and then compared to a reference using text-based metrics. However, this two-step evaluation pipeline…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Saki Imai , Mert İnan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

Existing memory benchmarks for LLM agents evaluate explicit recall of facts, yet overlook implicit memory where experience becomes automated behavior without conscious retrieval. This gap is critical: effective assistants must automatically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Chonghan Qin , Xiachong Feng , Weitao Ma , Xiaocheng Feng , Lingpeng Kong

Implicit hate speech detection is challenging due to its subtlety and reliance on contextual interpretation rather than explicit offensive words. Current approaches rely on contrastive learning, which are shown to be effective on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yejin Lee , Joonghyuk Hahn , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

Measuring the coherence of text is a vital aspect of evaluating the quality of written content. Recent advancements in neural coherence modeling have demonstrated their efficacy in capturing entity coreference and discourse relations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Zhecheng Sheng , Tianhao Zhang , Chen Jiang , Dongyeop Kang

Recent advancements in the field of natural language generation have facilitated the use of large language models to assess the quality of generated text. Although these models have shown promising results in tasks such as machine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Terry Yue Zhuo

This paper addresses the issue of implicit stereotypes that may arise during the generation process of large language models. It proposes an interpretable bias detection method aimed at identifying hidden social biases in model outputs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Renhan Zhang , Lian Lian , Zhen Qi , Guiran Liu

In implicit discourse relation classification, we want to predict the relation between adjacent sentences in the absence of any overt discourse connectives. This is challenging even for humans, leading to shortage of annotated data, a fact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Murathan Kurfalı , Robert Östling

Due to the implement of guardrails by developers, Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in explicit bias tests. However, bias in LLMs may occur not only explicitly, but also implicitly, much like humans who…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinru Lin , Luyang Li
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