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Related papers: Clustering in Causal Attention Masking

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Transformers have emerged as a powerful neural network architecture capable of tackling a wide range of learning tasks. In this work, we provide a theoretical analysis of their ability to automatically extract structure from data in an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Rodrigo Maulen-Soto , Pierre Marion , Claire Boyer

Transformers have been proven a successful model for a variety of tasks in sequence modeling. However, computing the attention matrix, which is their key component, has quadratic complexity with respect to the sequence length, thus making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Apoorv Vyas , Angelos Katharopoulos , François Fleuret

Viewing Transformers as interacting particle systems, we describe the geometry of learned representations when the weights are not time dependent. We show that particles, representing tokens, tend to cluster toward particular limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Borjan Geshkovski , Cyril Letrouit , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet

Transformers are extremely successful machine learning models whose mathematical properties remain poorly understood. Here, we rigorously characterize the behavior of transformers with hardmax self-attention and normalization sublayers as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Albert Alcalde , Giovanni Fantuzzi , Enrique Zuazua

Flow-based generative models have shown an excellent ability to explicitly learn the probability density function of data via a sequence of invertible transformations. Yet, learning attentions in generative flows remains understudied, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Rhea Sanjay Sukthanker , Zhiwu Huang , Suryansh Kumar , Radu Timofte , Luc Van Gool

Although Transformers have successfully transitioned from their language modelling origins to image-based applications, their quadratic computational complexity remains a challenge, particularly for dense prediction. In this paper we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Yutong Xie , Jianpeng Zhang , Yong Xia , Anton van den Hengel , Qi Wu

In this paper we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive approach for incorporating various masking mechanisms into Transformers architectures in a scalable way. We show that recent results on linear causal attention…

Transformer self-attention can be interpreted as a gradient flow on the unit sphere, in which tokens evolve under softmax interaction potentials and tend to form clusters. While prior work has established clustering behavior for single-head…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ayan Pendharkar

Transformers owe much of their empirical success in natural language processing to the self-attention blocks. Recent perspectives interpret attention blocks as interacting particle systems, whose mean-field limits correspond to gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Viktor Stein , Wuchen Li , Gabriele Steidl

The self-attention mechanism has been a key factor in the advancement of vision Transformers. However, its quadratic complexity imposes a heavy computational burden in high-resolution scenarios, restricting the practical application.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Dongchen Han , Tianyu Li , Ziyi Wang , Gao Huang

Self-attention has greatly contributed to the success of the widely used Transformer architecture by enabling learning from data with long-range dependencies. In an effort to improve performance, a gated attention model that leverages a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Viet Nguyen , Tuan Minh Pham , Thinh Cao , Tan Dinh , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Clustering is a core task in machine learning with wide-ranging applications in data mining and pattern recognition. However, its unsupervised nature makes it inherently challenging. Many existing clustering algorithms suffer from critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Ahmed Shokry , Ayman Khalafallah

We develop a mathematical framework that interprets Transformer attention as an interacting particle system and studies its continuum (mean-field) limits. By idealizing attention on the sphere, we connect Transformer dynamics to Wasserstein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Philippe Rigollet

Self-attention, as the key block of transformers, is a powerful mechanism for extracting features from the inputs. In essence, what self-attention does is to infer the pairwise relations between the elements of the inputs, and modify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Lemeng Wu , Xingchao Liu , Qiang Liu

Leveraging deep learning for causal discovery in time series remains challenging because existing neural methods predominantly rely on component-wise architectures that fail to capture shared system dynamics or employ decoupled post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Omar Muhammad , Pasupuleti Dhruv Shivkant , Deepak N. Subramani

Transformers, which are state-of-the-art in most machine learning tasks, represent the data as sequences of vectors called tokens. This representation is then exploited by the attention function, which learns dependencies between tokens and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Valérie Castin , Pierre Ablin , José Antonio Carrillo , Gabriel Peyré

We introduce a new interpretation of the attention matrix as a discrete-time Markov chain. Our interpretation sheds light on common operations involving attention scores such as selection, summation, and averaging in a unified framework. It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yotam Erel , Olaf Dünkel , Rishabh Dabral , Vladislav Golyanik , Christian Theobalt , Amit H. Bermano

The Transformer architecture has shown to be a powerful tool for a wide range of tasks. It is based on the self-attention mechanism, which is an inherently computationally expensive operation with quadratic computational complexity: memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Adjorn van Engelenhoven , Nicola Strisciuglio , Estefanía Talavera

Transformers are widely used across various applications, many of which yield sparse or partially filled attention matrices. Examples include attention masks designed to reduce the quadratic complexity of attention, sequence packing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Agniv Sharma , Jonas Geiping

We consider the self-attention model - an interacting particle system on the unit sphere, which serves as a toy model for Transformers, the deep neural network architecture behind the recent successes of large language models. We prove the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Borjan Geshkovski , Hugo Koubbi , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet
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