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Offline (or batch) reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms seek to learn an optimal policy from a fixed dataset without active data collection. Based on the composition of the offline dataset, two main categories of methods are used:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Paria Rashidinejad , Banghua Zhu , Cong Ma , Jiantao Jiao , Stuart Russell

Accurately aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is crucial for informing fair, economically sound, and statistically efficient decision-making processes. However, we argue that the predominant approach for aligning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-26 Jiancong Xiao , Ziniu Li , Xingyu Xie , Emily Getzen , Cong Fang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

This paper concerns the central issues of model robustness and sample efficiency in offline reinforcement learning (RL), which aims to learn to perform decision making from history data without active exploration. Due to uncertainties and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Laixi Shi , Yuejie Chi

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has shown great potential in fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) to align with human preferences. Existing methods perform preference alignment from a fixed dataset, which can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Chenjia Bai , Yang Zhang , Shuang Qiu , Qiaosheng Zhang , Kang Xu , Xuelong Li

Semantic communications based on deep joint source-channel coding (JSCC) aim to improve communication efficiency by transmitting only task-relevant information. However, ensuring robustness to the stochasticity of communication channels…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-18 Taewoo Park , Eunhye Hong , Yo-Seb Jeon , Namyoon Lee , Yongjune Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) aligned using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) have shown remarkable generation abilities in numerous tasks. However, collecting high-quality human preferences creates costly bottlenecks in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Nirjhar Das , Souradip Chakraborty , Aldo Pacchiano , Sayak Ray Chowdhury

Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), which learns a reward model from human preference data and then optimizes a policy to favor preferred responses, has emerged as a central paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-29 Gen Li , Yuling Yan

The technique of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a commonly employed method to improve pre-trained Language Models (LM), enhancing their ability to conform to human preferences. Nevertheless, the current RLHF-based LMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Han Zhang , Lin Gui , Yuanzhao Zhai , Hui Wang , Yu Lei , Ruifeng Xu

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become a popular approach to align language models (LMs) with human preferences. This method involves collecting a large dataset of human pairwise preferences across various text…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Antoine Scheid , Etienne Boursier , Alain Durmus , Michael I. Jordan , Pierre Ménard , Eric Moulines , Michal Valko

Many reinforcement learning algorithms can be seen as versions of approximate policy iteration (API). While standard API often performs poorly, it has been shown that learning can be stabilized by regularizing each policy update by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Nevena Lazić , Botao Hao , Yasin Abbasi-Yadkori , Dale Schuurmans , Csaba Szepesvári

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) leverages previously collected data for policy optimization without any further active exploration. Despite the recent interest in this problem, its theoretical results in neural network function…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-15 Thanh Nguyen-Tang , Sunil Gupta , Hung Tran-The , Svetha Venkatesh

This paper addresses the poor finite-horizon performance of existing online \emph{restless bandit} (RB) algorithms, which stems from the prohibitive sample complexity of learning a full \emph{Markov decision process} (MDP) for each agent.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jiamin Xu , Ivan Nazarov , Aditya Rastogi , África Periáñez , Kyra Gan

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing RLVR methods utilize rollouts in an indiscriminate and short-horizon manner:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaodong Lu , Xiaohan Wang , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Zhijun Chen , Yu Luo , Fuzhen Zhuang , Yikun Ban , Deqing Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a transformative approach for aligning and enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing critical challenges in instruction following, ethical alignment, and reasoning capabilities. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saksham Sahai Srivastava , Vaneet Aggarwal

We study offline reinforcement learning in average-reward MDPs, which presents increased challenges from the perspectives of distribution shift and non-uniform coverage, and has been relatively underexamined from a theoretical perspective.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Matthew Zurek , Guy Zamir , Yudong Chen

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has significantly advanced the reasoning capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, RLVR solely relies on final answers as outcome rewards, neglecting the correctness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Sijia Cui , Pengyu Cheng , Jiajun Song , Yongbo Gai , Guojun Zhang , Zhechao Yu , Jianhe Lin , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is commonly utilized to improve the alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. Given the evolving nature of human preferences, continual alignment becomes more crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Han Zhang , Lin Gui , Yu Lei , Yuanzhao Zhai , Yehong Zhang , Yulan He , Hui Wang , Yue Yu , Kam-Fai Wong , Bin Liang , Ruifeng Xu

We consider an offline reinforcement learning (RL) setting where the agent need to learn from a dataset collected by rolling out multiple behavior policies. There are two challenges for this setting: 1) The optimal trade-off between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-06 Yuanying Cai , Chuheng Zhang , Li Zhao , Wei Shen , Xuyun Zhang , Lei Song , Jiang Bian , Tao Qin , Tieyan Liu

The ability of LLMs to represent diverse perspectives is critical as they increasingly impact society. However, recent studies reveal that alignment algorithms such as RLHF and DPO significantly reduce the diversity of LLM outputs. Not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Stewart Slocum , Asher Parker-Sartori , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

We present a simple but powerful reinterpretation of kernelized locality-sensitive hashing (KLSH), a general and popular method developed in the vision community for performing approximate nearest-neighbor searches in an arbitrary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-11-18 Ke Jiang , Qichao Que , Brian Kulis