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Constructing agents with planning capabilities has long been one of the main challenges in the pursuit of artificial intelligence. Tree-based planning methods have enjoyed huge success in challenging domains, such as chess and Go, where a…

MuZero, a model-based reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a value equivalent dynamics model, achieved state-of-the-art performance in Chess, Shogi and the game of Go. In contrast to standard forward dynamics models that predict a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Joery A. de Vries , Ken S. Voskuil , Thomas M. Moerland , Aske Plaat

Using a model of the environment, reinforcement learning agents can plan their future moves and achieve superhuman performance in board games like Chess, Shogi, and Go, while remaining relatively sample-efficient. As demonstrated by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Julien Scholz , Cornelius Weber , Muhammad Burhan Hafez , Stefan Wermter

Planning with options -- a sequence of primitive actions -- has been shown effective in reinforcement learning within complex environments. Previous studies have focused on planning with predefined options or learned options through expert…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Po-Wei Huang , Pei-Chiun Peng , Hung Guei , Ti-Rong Wu

In 2019, Google DeepMind released MuZero, a model-based reinforcement learning method that achieves strong results in perfect-information games by combining learned dynamics models with Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). However, comparatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Adam Haile

Decision-making agents with planning capabilities have achieved huge success in the challenging domain like Chess, Shogi, and Go. In an effort to generalize the planning ability to the more general tasks where the environment dynamics are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Xuxi Yang , Werner Duvaud , Peng Wei

Test-time reasoning significantly enhances pre-trained AI agents' performance. However, it requires an explicit environment model, often unavailable or overly complex in real-world scenarios. While MuZero enables effective model learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ondřej Kubíček , Viliam Lisý

Improving the decision-making capabilities of agents is a key challenge on the road to artificial intelligence. To improve the planning skills needed to make good decisions, MuZero's agent combines prediction by a network model and planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Matthias Unverzagt

Learning predictive world models is crucial for enhancing the planning capabilities of reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Recently, MuZero-style algorithms, leveraging the value equivalence principle and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yuan Pu , Yazhe Niu , Zhenjie Yang , Jiyuan Ren , Hongsheng Li , Yu Liu

Deep reinforcement learning repeatedly succeeds in closed, well-defined domains such as games (Chess, Go, StarCraft). The next frontier is real-world scenarios, where setups are numerous and varied. For this, agents need to learn the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Andreea Deac , Théophane Weber , George Papamakarios

Model-based planning is often thought to be necessary for deep, careful reasoning and generalization in artificial agents. While recent successes of model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) with deep function approximation have…

This paper presents MiniZero, a zero-knowledge learning framework that supports four state-of-the-art algorithms, including AlphaZero, MuZero, Gumbel AlphaZero, and Gumbel MuZero. While these algorithms have demonstrated super-human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Ti-Rong Wu , Hung Guei , Pei-Chiun Peng , Po-Wei Huang , Ting Han Wei , Chung-Chin Shih , Yun-Jui Tsai

The idea of decision-aware model learning, that models should be accurate where it matters for decision-making, has gained prominence in model-based reinforcement learning. While promising theoretical results have been established, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Claas A Voelcker , Arash Ahmadian , Romina Abachi , Igor Gilitschenski , Amir-massoud Farahmand

The combination of deep learning and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has shown to be effective in various domains, such as board and video games. AlphaGo represented a significant step forward in our ability to learn complex board games, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Alexandre Borges , Arlindo Oliveira

We present a new dataset containing 10K human-annotated games of Go and show how these natural language annotations can be used as a tool for model interpretability. Given a board state and its associated comment, our approach uses linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Nicholas Tomlin , Andre He , Dan Klein

MuZero Unplugged presents a promising approach for offline policy learning from logged data. It conducts Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with a learned model and leverages Reanalyze algorithm to learn purely from offline data. For good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Zichen Liu , Siyi Li , Wee Sun Lee , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

Deep reinforcement learning has made significant progress in games with imperfect information, but its performance in the card game Doudizhu (Chinese Poker/Fight the Landlord) remains unsatisfactory. Doudizhu is different from conventional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yiquan Chen , Yingchao Lyu , Di Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been widely used in many applications, particularly in gaming, which serves as an excellent training ground for AI models. Google DeepMind has pioneered innovations in this field, employing reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Abdelrhman Shaheen , Anas Badr , Ali Abohendy , Hatem Alsaadawy , Nadine Alsayad , Ehab H. El-Shazly

Recent years have witnessed the great breakthrough of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in various perfect and imperfect information games. Among these games, DouDizhu, a popular card game in China, is very challenging due to the imperfect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Youpeng Zhao , Jian Zhao , Xunhan Hu , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Games are abstractions of the real world, where artificial agents learn to compete and cooperate with other agents. While significant achievements have been made in various perfect- and imperfect-information games, DouDizhu (a.k.a. Fighting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Daochen Zha , Jingru Xie , Wenye Ma , Sheng Zhang , Xiangru Lian , Xia Hu , Ji Liu
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