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Unified models aim to support both understanding and generation by encoding images into discrete tokens and processing them alongside text within a single autoregressive framework. This unified design offers architectural simplicity and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ziyao Wang , Chen Chen , Jingtao Li , Weiming Zhuang , Jiabo Huang , Ang Li , Lingjuan Lyu

Recent methods demonstrate that large-scale pretrained models, such as CLIP vision transformers, effectively detect AI-generated images (AIGIs) from unseen generative models when used as feature extractors. Many state-of-the-art methods for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ahmed Abdullah , Nikolas Ebert , Oliver Wasenmüller

In image retrieval, deep local features learned in a data-driven manner have been demonstrated effective to improve retrieval performance. To realize efficient retrieval on large image database, some approaches quantize deep local features…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-14 Hui Wu , Min Wang , Wengang Zhou , Yang Hu , Houqiang Li

The success of language Transformers is primarily attributed to the pretext task of masked language modeling (MLM), where texts are first tokenized into semantically meaningful pieces. In this work, we study masked image modeling (MIM) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Jinghao Zhou , Chen Wei , Huiyu Wang , Wei Shen , Cihang Xie , Alan Yuille , Tao Kong

The differing representation spaces required for visual understanding and generation pose a challenge in unifying them within the autoregressive paradigm of large language models. A vision tokenizer trained for reconstruction excels at…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Wei Song , Yuran Wang , Zijia Song , Yadong Li , Zenan Zhou , Long Chen , Jianhua Xu , Jiaqi Wang , Kaicheng Yu

With the rapid evolution of the Text-to-Image (T2I) model in recent years, their unsatisfactory generation result has become a challenge. However, uniformly refining AI-Generated Images (AIGIs) of different qualities not only limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Chunyi Li , Haoning Wu , Zicheng Zhang , Hongkun Hao , Kaiwei Zhang , Lei Bai , Xiaohong Liu , Xiongkuo Min , Weisi Lin , Guangtao Zhai

Product quantisation (PQ) is a classical method for scalable vector encoding, yet it has seen limited usage for latent representations in high-fidelity image generation. In this work, we introduce PQGAN, a quantised image autoencoder that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Denis Zavadski , Nikita Philip Tatsch , Carsten Rother

Human visual recognition system shows astonishing capability of compressing visual information into a set of tokens containing rich representations without label supervision. One critical driving principle behind it is perceptual grouping.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Zhiwei Deng , Ting Chen , Yang Li

Text and faces are among the most perceptually salient and practically important patterns in visual generation, yet they remain challenging for autoregressive generators built on discrete tokenization. A central bottleneck is the tokenizer:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yang Yue , Fangyun Wei , Tianyu He , Jinjing Zhao , Zanlin Ni , Zeyu Liu , Jiayi Guo , Lei Shi , Yue Dong , Li Chen , Ji Li , Gao Huang , Dong Chen

Current image tokenization methods require a large number of tokens to capture the information contained within images. Although the amount of information varies across images, most image tokenizers only support fixed-length tokenization,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Keita Miwa , Kento Sasaki , Hidehisa Arai , Tsubasa Takahashi , Yu Yamaguchi

In this paper, we introduce a novel visual representation learning which relies on a handful of adaptively learned tokens, and which is applicable to both image and video understanding tasks. Instead of relying on hand-designed splitting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Michael S. Ryoo , AJ Piergiovanni , Anurag Arnab , Mostafa Dehghani , Anelia Angelova

Recently, Vector Quantized AutoRegressive (VQ-AR) models have shown remarkable results in text-to-image synthesis by equally predicting discrete image tokens from the top left to bottom right in the latent space. Although the simple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Zhengcong Fei , Mingyuan Fan , Li Zhu , Junshi Huang

Image tokenizers form the foundation of modern text-to-image generative models but are notoriously difficult to train. Furthermore, most existing text-to-image models rely on large-scale, high-quality private datasets, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Dongwon Kim , Ju He , Qihang Yu , Chenglin Yang , Xiaohui Shen , Suha Kwak , Liang-Chieh Chen

Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) offer a promising path for learning data distributions on near-term quantum devices. However, existing QGANs for image synthesis avoid direct full-image generation, relying on classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Xue Yang , Rigui Zhou , Shizheng Jia , Dax Enshan Koh , Siong Thye Goh , Yaochong Li , Hongyu Chen , Fuhui Xiong

We introduce a multi-scale Image Super Resolution (ISR) method building on recent advances in Visual Auto-Regressive (VAR) modeling. VAR models break image tokenization into additive, gradually increasing scales, using Residual Quantization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Isma Hadji , Enrique Sanchez , Adrian Bulat , Brais Martinez , Georgios Tzimiropoulos

Recent work has shown the possibility of training generative models of 3D content from 2D image collections on small datasets corresponding to a single object class, such as human faces, animal faces, or cars. However, these models struggle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Kyle Sargent , Jing Yu Koh , Han Zhang , Huiwen Chang , Charles Herrmann , Pratul Srinivasan , Jiajun Wu , Deqing Sun

In autoregressive (AR) image generation, visual tokenizers compress images into compact discrete latent tokens, enabling efficient training of downstream autoregressive models for visual generation via next-token prediction. While scaling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tianwei Xiong , Jun Hao Liew , Zilong Huang , Jiashi Feng , Xihui Liu

Synthetic image generation has recently experienced significant improvements in domains such as natural image or art generation. However, the problem of figure and diagram generation remains unexplored. A challenging aspect of generating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Juan A. Rodriguez , David Vazquez , Issam Laradji , Marco Pedersoli , Pau Rodriguez

Discrete image tokenization is a key bottleneck for scalable visual generation: a tokenizer must remain compact for efficient latent-space priors while preserving semantic structure and using discrete capacity effectively. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Idil Bilge Altun , Mert Onur Cakiroglu , Elham Buxton , Mehmet Dalkilic , Hasan Kurban

VQ-based image generation typically follows a two-stage pipeline: a tokenizer encodes images into discrete tokens, and a generative model learns their dependencies for reconstruction. However, improved tokenization in the first stage does…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Bin Wu , Mengqi Huang , Weinan Jia , Zhendong Mao