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Related papers: Learning the closest product state

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State estimation is usually analyzed in the situation when copies are in a product state, either mixed or pure. We investigate here the concept of state estimation on correlated copies. We analyze state estimation on correlated N qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Rafal Demkowicz-Dobrzanski

A fundamental task in quantum information science is to measure nonlinear functionals of quantum states, such as $\mathrm{Tr}(\rho^k O)$. Intuitively, one expects that computing a $k$-th order quantity generally requires $O(k)$ copies of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Yukun Zhang , Yusen Wu , You Zhou , Xiao Yuan

Suppose we have many copies of an unknown $n$-qubit state $\rho$. We measure some copies of $\rho$ using a known two-outcome measurement $E_{1}$, then other copies using a measurement $E_{2}$, and so on. At each stage $t$, we generate a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-29 Scott Aaronson , Xinyi Chen , Elad Hazan , Satyen Kale , Ashwin Nayak

We define a quantum learning task called agnostic tomography, where given copies of an arbitrary state $\rho$ and a class of quantum states $\mathcal{C}$, the goal is to output a succinct description of a state that approximates $\rho$ at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Sabee Grewal , Vishnu Iyer , William Kretschmer , Daniel Liang

We investigate the probabilistic cloning and purification of quantum states. The performance of these probabilistic operations is quantified by the average fidelity between the ideal and actual output states. We provide a simple formula for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jaromir Fiurasek

We study the problem of universal quantum cloning -- taking several identical copies of a pure but unknown quantum state and producing further copies. While it is well known that it is impossible to perfectly reproduce the state, how well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-09 Alastair Kay

The experimental realization of increasingly complex quantum states underscores the pressing need for new methods of state learning and verification. In one such framework, quantum state tomography, the aim is to learn the full quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Antonio Anna Mele , Yaroslav Herasymenko

Recent work has shown that $n$-qubit quantum states output by circuits with at most $t$ single-qubit non-Clifford gates can be learned to trace distance $\epsilon$ using $\mathsf{poly}(n,2^t,1/\epsilon)$ time and samples. All prior…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-08 Sabee Grewal , Vishnu Iyer , William Kretschmer , Daniel Liang

A fundamental task in quantum information is to approximate a pure quantum state in terms of sparse states or, for a bipartite system, states of bounded Schmidt rank. The optimal deterministic approximation in each case is straightforward,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Aram W. Harrow , Angus Lowe , Freek Witteveen

We give an algorithm for pure state tomography with near-optimal copy and time complexity using only single-qubit measurements. Specifically, given $\widetilde{O}(2^n/\epsilon)$ copies of an unknown $n$-qubit pure state $|\psi\rangle$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Sabee Grewal , Meghal Gupta , William He , Aniruddha Sen , Mihir Singhal

We consider the problem of testing whether an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $|\psi\rangle$ is a stabilizer state, with only single-copy access. We give an algorithm solving this problem using $O(n)$ copies, and conversely prove that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Marcel Hinsche , Jonas Helsen

Matrix product operators allow efficient descriptions (or realizations) of states on a 1D lattice. We consider the task of learning a realization of minimal dimension from copies of an unknown state, such that the resulting operator is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-07 Marco Fanizza , Niklas Galke , Josep Lumbreras , Cambyse Rouzé , Andreas Winter

Approximation algorithms for classical constraint satisfaction problems are one of the main research areas in theoretical computer science. Here we define a natural approximation version of the QMA-complete local Hamiltonian problem and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-25 Sevag Gharibian , Julia Kempe

Quantum state tomography is the problem of estimating a given quantum state. Usually, it is required to run the quantum experiment - state preparation, state evolution, measurement - several times to be able to estimate the output quantum…

General Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Shibdas Roy , Filippo Caruso , Srushti Patil , Anumita Mukhopadhyay

One of the simplest and most effective classical machine learning algorithms is the $k$-nearest neighbors algorithm ($k$NN) which classifies an unknown test state by finding the $k$ nearest neighbors from a set of $M$ train states. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-18 Afrad Basheer , A. Afham , Sandeep K. Goyal

As a measure of the 'closeness' of two quantum states, fidelity plays a fundamental role in quantum information theory. Fidelity estimation protocols try to strike a balance between information gleaned from an experiment, and the efficiency…

We give a test that can distinguish efficiently between product states of n quantum systems and states which are far from product. If applied to a state psi whose maximum overlap with a product state is 1-epsilon, the test passes with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-03 Aram W. Harrow , Ashley Montanaro

Product states, unentangled tensor products of single qubits, are a ubiquitous ansatz in quantum computation, including for state-of-the-art Hamiltonian approximation algorithms. A natural question is whether we should expect to efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-12 John Kallaugher , Ojas Parekh , Kevin Thompson , Yipu Wang , Justin Yirka

Measuring the distinguishability between quantum states is a basic problem in quantum information theory. In this paper, we develop optimal quantum algorithms that estimate both the trace distance and the (square root) fidelity between pure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Qisheng Wang

When estimating an unknown single pure qubit state, the optimum fidelity is 2/3. As it is well known, the value 2/3 can be achieved in one step, by a single ideal measurement of the polarization along a random direction. I analyze the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Lajos Diosi