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Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

Virtual inertia is an effective control approach to attenuate sudden voltage changes during transient events in low-inertia DC grids. While methods have been proposed to implement virtual inertia, its impact on DC grid stability in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-09 Hao Tu , Hui Yu , Srdjan Lukic

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-08 Joakim Björk , Karl Henrik Johansson , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

A widely embraced approach to mitigate the dynamic degradation in low-inertia power systems is to mimic generation response using grid-connected inverters to restore the grid's stiffness. In this paper, we seek to challenge this approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-30 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

The integration of converter-interfaced generation introduces new transient stability challenges to modern power systems. Classical Lyapunov- and scalable passivity-based approaches typically rely on restrictive assumptions, and finding…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Yifei Wang , Han Wang , Kehao Zhuang , Keith Moffat , Florian Dörfler

The Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) concept stands as a strategy for the seamless integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. In scenarios where symmetrical and sinusoidal operating conditions are lacking, VSMs demonstrate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-12 Shirin Besati , Ali Mosallanejad , Madhav Manjrekar

The displacement of synchronous generators by converter-interfaced renewable energy sources obliges wind farms to provide inertia, damping, and voltage support, above all in increasingly weak grid conditions. This paper presents a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Javier Garcia-Aguilar , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Juan L. Zamora , Emilio Bueno , Elena Saiz , Almudena Muñoz-Babiano , Mohammad E. Zarei

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

In this paper, a neural network predictive controller is proposed to regulate the active and the reactive power delivered to the grid generated by a three-phase virtual inertia-based inverter. The concept of the conventional virtual…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Sepehr Saadatmand , Mohammad Saleh Sanjarinia , Pourya Shamsi , Mehdi Ferdowsi , Donald C. Wunsch

This paper presents a novel Dynam-i-c Droop (iDroop) control mechanism to perform primary frequency control with gird-connected inverters that improves the network dynamic performance. The work is motivated by the dynamic degradation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-20 Enrique Mallada

Power grids are evolving toward 100% renewable energy interfaced by inverters. Virtual inertia and damping provided by inverters are essential to synchronism and frequency stability of future power grids. This paper numerically addresses…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-27 Tong Han , David J. Hill

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) are emerging as a solution for integrating renewable energy resources (RERs) into power systems. GFM-VSCs need a self-synchronisation strategy to ensure that all converters and generators in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Regulo E. Avila-Martinez , Xavier Guillaud , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

This work presents (i) a framework for certifying small-signal frequency stability of a power system with line dynamics and heterogeneous bus dynamics, (ii) a novel reduced-order model of damper windings in synchronous machines, and (iii) a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Dahlia Saba , Dominic Groß