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We analyze the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm with a consensus point rescaled by a small fixed parameter $\kappa \in (0,1)$. Under minimal assumptions on the objective function and the initial data, we establish its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Hui Huang , Hicham Kouhkouh , Lukang Sun

This paper is concerned with the large particle limit for the consensus-based optimization (CBO), which was postulated in the pioneering works [6,28]. In order to solve this open problem, we adapt a compactness argument by first proving the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Hui Huang , Jinniao Qiu

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization algorithm that has proven to be capable of globally minimizing nonconvex nonsmooth functions across a diverse range of applications while being…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Sabrina Bonandin , Konstantin Riedl , Sara Veneruso

Global optimization of a non-convex objective function often appears in large-scale machine-learning and artificial intelligence applications. Recently, consensus-based optimization (in short CBO) methods have been introduced as one of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-21 Seung-Yeal Ha , Shi Jin , Doheon Kim

In this paper, we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), which is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method that can globally minimize nonconvex nonsmooth functions and is amenable to theoretical analysis. Based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

We study the derivative-free global optimization algorithm Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), establishing uniform-in-time propagation of chaos as well as an almost uniform-in-time stability result for the microscopic particle system.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Nicolai Gerber , Franca Hoffmann , Dohyeon Kim , Urbain Vaes

We introduce a novel first-order stochastic swarm intelligence (SI) model in the spirit of consensus formation models, namely a consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm, which may be used for the global optimization of a function in…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-10-06 René Pinnau , Claudia Totzeck , Oliver Tse , Stephan Martin

We study Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) for two-layer neural network training. We compare the performance of CBO against Adam on two test cases and demonstrate how a hybrid approach, combining CBO with Adam, provides faster convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 William De Deyn , Michael Herty , Giovanni Samaey

We analyze a zeroth-order particle algorithm for the global optimization of a non-convex function, focusing on a variant of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) with small but fixed noise intensity. Unlike most previous studies restricted to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Pascal Bianchi , Radu-Alexandru Dragomir , Victor Priser

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a class of metaheuristic algorithms designed for global optimization problems. In the many-particle limit, classical CBO dynamics can be rigorously connected to mean-field equations that ensure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Jonathan Franceschi , Lorenzo Pareschi , Mattia Zanella

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

We present convergence and error estimates of the time-discrete consensus-based optimization(CBO) algorithms proposed in [arXiv:1909.09249] for general nonconvex functions. In authors' recent work [arxiv: 1910.08239], rigorous error…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-12 Seug-Yeal Ha , Shi Jin , Doheon Kim

This paper studies a class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) models featuring an additional stochastic rate of information, modeling the agents' knowledge of the environment and energy landscape. The well-posedness of the stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Stefano Almi , Alessandro Baldi , Marco Morandotti , Francesco Solombrino

We study second-order Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), a derivative-free global optimization algorithm in which the consensus force and the multiplicative exploratory noise act on particle velocities. We prove quantitative…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Seung-Yeal Ha , Franca Hoffmann , Dohyeon Kim

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a powerful and versatile zero-order multi-particle method designed to provably solve high-dimensional global optimization problems, including those that are genuinely nonconvex or nonsmooth. The method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Jona Klemenc , Greta Malaspina

Consensus based optimization (CBO) employs a swarm of particles evolving as a system of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Recently, it has been adapted to yield a derivative free sampling method referred to as consensus based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-06 Marvin Koß , Simon Weissmann , Jakob Zech

We propose a variant of consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithms, controlled-CBO, which introduces a feedback control term to improve convergence towards global minimizers of non-convex functions in multiple dimensions. The feedback…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Yuyang Huang , Michael Herty , Dante Kalise , Nikolas Kantas

We study the finite-agent behavior of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), a recent metaheuristic for the global minimization of a function, that combines drift toward a consensus estimate with stochastic exploration. While previous analyses…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Simone Göttlich , Jacob Heieck , Andreas Neuenkirch

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle metaheuristic optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. It has proven effective in various applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Massimo Fornasier , Peter Richtárik , Konstantin Riedl , Lukang Sun

For algorithms based on interacting particle systems that admit a mean-field description, convergence analysis is often more accessible at the mean-field level. In order to transfer convergence results obtained at the mean-field level to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Nicolai Jurek Gerber , Franca Hoffmann , Urbain Vaes
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