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Data contamination poses a significant challenge to the fairness of LLM evaluations in natural language processing tasks by inadvertently exposing models to test data during training. Current studies attempt to mitigate this issue by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingqian Zhao , Bingbing Wang , Geng Tu , Yice Zhang , Qianlong Wang , Bin Liang , Jing Li , Ruifeng Xu

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

"Gold" and "ground truth" human-mediated labels have error. The effects of this error can escape commonly reported metrics of label quality or obscure questions of accuracy, bias, fairness, and usefulness during model evaluation. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Michael Hardy

With the rising human-like precision of Large Language Models (LLMs) in numerous tasks, their utilization in a variety of real-world applications is becoming more prevalent. Several studies have shown that LLMs excel on many standard NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Mohamed Ahmed , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

In the pursuit of developing Large Language Models (LLMs) that adhere to societal standards, it is imperative to detect the toxicity in the generated text. The majority of existing toxicity metrics rely on encoder models trained on specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Hyukhun Koh , Dohyung Kim , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

Data quality affects machine learning (ML) model performances, and data scientists spend considerable amount of time on data cleaning before model training. However, to date, there does not exist a rigorous study on how exactly cleaning…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Peng Li , Xi Rao , Jennifer Blase , Yue Zhang , Xu Chu , Ce Zhang

The use of large language models (LLMs) is widespread across many domains, including Software Engineering, where they have been used to automate tasks such as program generation and test classification. As LLM-based methods continue to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jeremy S. Bradbury , Riddhi More

Identifying how training samples influence/impact Large Language Model (LLM) decision-making is essential for effectively interpreting model decisions and auditing large-scale datasets. Current training sample influence estimation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Dmytro Vitel , Anshuman Chhabra

In data analysis, contamination caused by outliers is inevitable, and robust statistical methods are strongly demanded. In this paper, our concern is to develop a new approach for robust data analysis based on scoring rules. The scoring…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-11-22 Takafumi Kanamori , Hironori Fujisawa

Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown indications of mathematical reasoning ability on challenging competition-level problems, especially with self-generated verbalizations of intermediate reasoning steps (i.e., chain-of-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yujun Mao , Yoon Kim , Yilun Zhou

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

Human relevance assessment is time-consuming and cognitively intensive, limiting the scalability of Information Retrieval evaluation. This has led to growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) as proxies for human judges.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chuting Yu , Hang Li , Guido Zuccon , Joel Mackenzie , Teerapong Leelanupab

Data contamination refers to the leakage of evaluation data into model training data, resulting in overfitting to supposedly held-out test sets and compromising test validity. We identify an analogous issue, search-time contamination (STC),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ziwen Han , Meher Mankikar , Julian Michael , Zifan Wang

Unlearning methods have the potential to improve the privacy and safety of large language models (LLMs) by removing sensitive or harmful information post hoc. The LLM unlearning research community has increasingly turned toward empirical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Pratiksha Thaker , Shengyuan Hu , Neil Kale , Yash Maurya , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Virginia Smith

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become foundational in modern artificial intelligence, powering a wide range of applications from code generation and virtual assistants to scientific research and enterprise automation. However, concerns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Le Vu Anh , Dinh Duc Nha Nguyen , Phi Long Nguyen

With the widespread availability of LLMs since the release of ChatGPT and increased public scrutiny, commercial model development appears to have focused their efforts on 'safety' training concerning legal liabilities at the expense of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Alina Leidinger , Richard Rogers

Pretraining is the preliminary and fundamental step in developing capable language models (LM). Despite this, pretraining data design is critically under-documented and often guided by empirically unsupported intuitions. To address this, we…

LLMs produce harmful and undesirable behavior when trained on datasets containing even a small fraction of poisoned data. We demonstrate that GPT models remain vulnerable to fine-tuning on poisoned data, even when safeguarded by moderation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Dillon Bowen , Brendan Murphy , Will Cai , David Khachaturov , Adam Gleave , Kellin Pelrine

Existing benchmarks for evaluating mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) rely primarily on competition problems, formal proofs, or artificially challenging questions -- failing to capture the nature of mathematics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Cezara Petrui , Kristina Nikolić , Florian Tramèr

Large language model (LLM) evaluation is increasingly costly, prompting interest in methods that speed up evaluation by shrinking benchmark datasets. Benchmark prediction (also called efficient LLM evaluation) aims to select a small subset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Guanhua Zhang , Florian E. Dorner , Moritz Hardt
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