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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant progress in various areas, such as text generation and code synthesis. However, the reliability of performance evaluation has come under scrutiny due to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yuxing Cheng , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

In this position paper, we argue that the classical evaluation on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks using annotated benchmarks is in trouble. The worst kind of data contamination happens when a Large Language Model (LLM) is trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Oscar Sainz , Jon Ander Campos , Iker García-Ferrero , Julen Etxaniz , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Eneko Agirre

Public benchmarks play an essential role in the evaluation of large language models. However, data contamination can lead to inflated performance, rendering them unreliable for model comparison. It is therefore crucial to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Martin Vechev

Data contamination, i.e., the presence of test data from downstream tasks in the training data of large language models (LLMs), is a potential major issue in measuring LLMs' real effectiveness on other tasks. We propose a straightforward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Shahriar Golchin , Mihai Surdeanu

Data contamination -- the accidental consumption of evaluation examples within the pre-training data -- can undermine the validity of evaluation benchmarks. In this paper, we present a rigorous analysis of the effects of contamination on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Eleftheria Briakou , Daniel Deutsch , Jiaming Luo , Colin Cherry , Markus Freitag

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly exposed to data contamination, i.e., performance gains driven by prior exposure of test datasets rather than generalization. However, in the context of tabular data, this problem is largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Matteo Silvestri , Fabiano Veglianti , Flavio Giorgi , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

Various techniques have been proposed to leverage the capabilities of code language models (CLMs) for SE tasks. While these techniques typically evaluate their effectiveness using publicly available datasets, the evaluation can be subject…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jialun Cao , Wuqi Zhang , Shing-Chi Cheung

Language models pre-trained on web-scale corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities on diverse downstream tasks. However, there is increasing concern whether such capabilities might arise from evaluation datasets being included in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Minhao Jiang , Ken Ziyu Liu , Ming Zhong , Rylan Schaeffer , Siru Ouyang , Jiawei Han , Sanmi Koyejo

Data contamination has garnered increased attention in the era of large language models (LLMs) due to the reliance on extensive internet-derived training corpora. The issue of training corpus overlap with evaluation benchmarks--referred to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Yuzhao Heng , Yitong Li , Jiannan Cao , Xiangru Tang , Arman Cohan

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

Recent claims about the impressive abilities of large language models (LLMs) are often supported by evaluating publicly available benchmarks. Since LLMs train on wide swaths of the internet, this practice raises concerns of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Manley Roberts , Himanshu Thakur , Christine Herlihy , Colin White , Samuel Dooley

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

While large language models have achieved remarkable performance on various code generation benchmarks, there have been growing concerns regarding potential contamination of these benchmarks as they may be leaked into pretraining and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Martin Riddell , Ansong Ni , Arman Cohan

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has significantly enhanced performance across benchmarks. However, data contamination-unintentional memorization of benchmark data during model training-poses critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dingjie Song , Sicheng Lai , Mingxuan Wang , Shunian Chen , Lichao Sun , Benyou Wang

In recent years, code intelligence has gained increasing importance in the field of automated software engineering. Meanwhile, the widespread adoption of Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhen Yang , Hongyi Lin , Yifan He , Junqi Wang , Zeyu Sun , Shuo Liu , Jie Xu , Pengpeng Wang , Zhongxing Yu , Qingyuan Liang

Benchmark datasets are critical for reproducible, reliable, and discriminative evaluation of LLMs. However, recent studies reveal that many benchmark datasets are included in pretraining corpora, i.e., $\textit{contaminated}$, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Al-Lawati , Jason Lucas , Dongwon Lee , Suhang Wang

We are currently in an era of fierce competition among various large language models (LLMs) continuously pushing the boundaries of benchmark performance. However, genuinely assessing the capabilities of these LLMs has become a challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wenhong Zhu , Hongkun Hao , Zhiwei He , Yunze Song , Yumeng Zhang , Hanxu Hu , Yiran Wei , Rui Wang , Hongyuan Lu

Data contamination hinders fair LLM evaluation by introducing test data into newer models' training sets. Existing studies solve this challenge by updating benchmarks with newly collected data. However, they fail to guarantee…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiaobao Wu , Liangming Pan , Yuxi Xie , Ruiwen Zhou , Shuai Zhao , Yubo Ma , Mingzhe Du , Rui Mao , Anh Tuan Luu , William Yang Wang

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years, abundant new opportunities are emerging, but also new challenges, among which contamination is quickly becoming critical. Business applications and fundraising in Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mathieu Ravaut , Bosheng Ding , Fangkai Jiao , Hailin Chen , Xingxuan Li , Ruochen Zhao , Chengwei Qin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty
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