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Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising paradigm for training Large Language Models (LLMs) in a decentralized manner while preserving data privacy and minimizing communication overhead. This survey examines recent advancements in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Youyang Qu , Ming Liu , Tianqing Zhu , Longxiang Gao , Shui Yu , Wanlei Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, raising concerns about privacy, security and the need to remove undesirable knowledge. Machine Unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, yet faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yisheng Zhong , Zhengbang Yang , Zhuangdi Zhu

Machine unlearning algorithms aim to efficiently remove data from a model without retraining it from scratch, in order to remove corrupted or outdated data or respect a user's ``right to be forgotten." Certified machine unlearning is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Siqiao Mu , Diego Klabjan

Differentially private (DP) machine learning allows us to train models on private data while limiting data leakage. DP formalizes this data leakage through a cryptographic game, where an adversary must predict if a model was trained on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Milad Nasr , Shuang Song , Abhradeep Thakurta , Nicolas Papernot , Nicholas Carlini

Machine unlearning (MU) aims to remove the influence of specific training samples from a well-trained model, a task of growing importance due to the ``right to be forgotten.'' The unlearned model should approach the retrained model, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xinwen Cheng , Zhehao Huang , Wenxin Zhou , Zhengbao He , Ruikai Yang , Yingwen Wu , Xiaolin Huang

Deep Neural Network (DNN), one of the most powerful machine learning algorithms, is increasingly leveraged to overcome the bottleneck of effectively exploring and analyzing massive data to boost advanced scientific development. It is not a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Xiaoyu Zhang , Chao Chen , Yi Xie , Xiaofeng Chen , Jun Zhang , Yang Xiang

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative training of a machine learning (ML) model across multiple parties, facilitating the preservation of users' and institutions' privacy by maintaining data stored locally. Instead of centralizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Nicolò Romandini , Alessio Mora , Carlo Mazzocca , Rebecca Montanari , Paolo Bellavista

Machine learning models (mainly neural networks) are used more and more in real life. Users feed their data to the model for training. But these processes are often one-way. Once trained, the model remembers the data. Even when data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Zihao Cao , Jianzong Wang , Shijing Si , Zhangcheng Huang , Jing Xiao

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive datasets, they have raised significant privacy and ethical concerns due to their potential to inadvertently retain sensitive information. Unlearning seeks to selectively remove specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Philipp Spohn , Leander Girrbach , Jessica Bader , Zeynep Akata

Machine unlearning has emerged as a new paradigm to deliberately forget data samples from a given model in order to adhere to stringent regulations. However, existing machine unlearning methods have been primarily focused on classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Guihong Li , Hsiang Hsu , Chun-Fu Chen , Radu Marculescu

The rapid proliferation of image generation models and other artificial intelligence (AI) systems has intensified concerns regarding data privacy and user consent. As the availability of public datasets declines, major technology companies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ishrak Hamim Mahi , Siam Ferdous , Md Sakib Sadman Badhon , Nabid Hasan Omi , Md Habibun Nabi Hemel , Farig Yousuf Sadeque , Md. Tanzim Reza

Machine unlearning is gaining increasing attention as a way to remove adversarial data poisoning attacks from already trained models and to comply with privacy and AI regulations. The objective is to unlearn the effect of undesired data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jose Miguel Lara Rangel , Stefan Schoepf , Jack Foster , David Krueger , Usman Anwar

Machine learning has been widely applied to various applications, some of which involve training with privacy-sensitive data. A modest number of data breaches have been studied, including credit card information in natural language data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Xinlei Pan , Weiyao Wang , Xiaoshuai Zhang , Bo Li , Jinfeng Yi , Dawn Song

Machine Unlearning (MU) technology facilitates the removal of the influence of specific data instances from trained models on request. Despite rapid advancements in MU technology, its vulnerabilities are still underexplored, posing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zhihao Sui , Liang Hu , Jian Cao , Dora D. Liu , Usman Naseem , Zhongyuan Lai , Qi Zhang

Modern privacy regulations have spurred the evolution of machine unlearning, a technique that enables the removal of data from an already trained ML model without requiring retraining from scratch. Previous unlearning methods tend to induce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Haoxuan Ji , Zheng Lin , Yuyao Sun , Gao Fei , Yuhang Wang , Haichang Gao , Zhenxing Niu

Machine unlearning is the task of updating machine learning (ML) models after a subset of the training data they were trained on is deleted. Methods for the task are desired to combine effectiveness and efficiency, i.e., they should…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Ananth Mahadevan , Michael Mathioudakis

Machine learning models often incorporate vast amounts of data, raising significant privacy concerns. Machine unlearning, the ability to remove the influence of specific data points from a trained model, addresses these concerns. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 David Zagardo

Machine unlearning aims to selectively remove the influence of specific training samples to satisfy privacy regulations such as the GDPR's 'Right to be Forgotten'. However, many existing methods require access to the data being removed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dinesh Srivasthav P , Ashok Urlana , Rahul Mishra , Bala Mallikarjunarao Garlapati , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

As predictive models are increasingly being employed to make consequential decisions, there is a growing emphasis on developing techniques that can provide algorithmic recourse to affected individuals. While such recourses can be immensely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Martin Pawelczyk , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Seth Neel

Despite legal mandates for the right to be forgotten, AI operators routinely fail to comply with data deletion requests. While machine unlearning (MU) provides a technical solution to remove personal data's influence from trained models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Qinqi Lin , Ningning Ding , Lingjie Duan , Jianwei Huang
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