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In this paper, we study the finite-sample statistical rates of distributional temporal difference (TD) learning with linear function approximation. The purpose of distributional TD learning is to estimate the return distribution of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-18 Kaicheng Jin , Yang Peng , Jiansheng Yang , Zhihua Zhang

The vast majority of natural sensory data is temporally redundant. Video frames or audio samples which are sampled at nearby points in time tend to have similar values. Typically, deep learning algorithms take no advantage of this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Peter O'Connor , Efstratios Gavves , Max Welling

Long-horizon tasks, which have a large discount factor, pose a challenge for most conventional reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Algorithms such as Value Iteration and Temporal Difference (TD) learning have a slow convergence rate and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Mark Bedaywi , Amin Rakhsha , Amir-massoud Farahmand

Transfer learning is a popular practice in deep neural networks, but fine-tuning of large number of parameters is a hard task due to the complex wiring of neurons between splitting layers and imbalance distributions of data in pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Arash Shahriari

The average reward is a fundamental performance metric in reinforcement learning (RL) focusing on the long-run performance of an agent. Differential temporal difference (TD) learning algorithms are a major advance for average reward RL as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ethan Blaser , Jiuqi Wang , Shangtong Zhang

In reinforcement learning (RL), temporal difference (TD) errors are widely adopted for optimizing value and policy functions. However, since the TD error is defined by a bootstrap method, its computation tends to be noisy and destabilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Taisuke Kobayashi

Temporal credit assignment in reinforcement learning is challenging due to delayed and stochastic outcomes. Monte Carlo targets can bridge long delays between action and consequence but lead to high-variance targets due to stochasticity.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aditya A. Ramesh , Kenny Young , Louis Kirsch , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Off-policy learning ability is an important feature of reinforcement learning (RL) for practical applications. However, even one of the most elementary RL algorithms, temporal-difference (TD) learning, is known to suffer form divergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

Our understanding of reinforcement learning (RL) has been shaped by theoretical and empirical results that were obtained decades ago using tabular representations and linear function approximators. These results suggest that RL methods that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Artemij Amiranashvili , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Vladlen Koltun , Thomas Brox

Long-term temporal credit assignment is an important challenge in deep reinforcement learning (RL). It refers to the ability of the agent to attribute actions to consequences that may occur after a long time interval. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Tanmay Gangwani , Yuan Zhou , Jian Peng

Sequential deep learning models such as RNN, causal CNN and attention mechanism do not readily consume continuous-time information. Discretizing the temporal data, as we show, causes inconsistency even for simple continuous-time processes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Da Xu , Chuanwei Ruan , Evren Korpeoglu , Sushant Kumar , Kannan Achan

Temporal difference learning (TD) is a simple iterative algorithm used to estimate the value function corresponding to a given policy in a Markov decision process. Although TD is one of the most widely used algorithms in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Jalaj Bhandari , Daniel Russo , Raghav Singal

Temporal-difference (TD) learning is highly effective at controlling and evaluating an agent's long-term outcomes. Most approaches in this paradigm implement a semi-gradient update to boost the learning speed, which consists of ignoring the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Théo Vincent , Kevin Gerhardt , Yogesh Tripathi , Habib Maraqten , Adam White , Martha White , Jan Peters , Carlo D'Eramo

In this paper, we address two key challenges in deep reinforcement learning setting, sample inefficiency and slow learning, with a dual NN-driven learning approach. In the proposed approach, we use two deep NNs with independent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-29 Krishnan Raghavan , Vignesh Narayanan , Jagannathan Sarangapani

The temporal difference (TD) error was first formalized in Sutton (1988), where it was first characterized as the difference between temporally successive predictions, and later, in that same work, formulated as the difference between a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Juan Sebastian Rojas , Chi-Guhn Lee

We study personalized multi-agent average reward TD learning, in which a collection of agents interacts with different environments and jointly learns their respective value functions. We focus on the setting where there exists a shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Leo Muxing Wang , Pengkun Yang , Lili Su

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning algorithms have shown great potential and success for solving many challenging real-world problems, including Go game and robotic applications. Usually, these algorithms need a carefully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Yang Liu , Yunan Luo , Yuanyi Zhong , Xi Chen , Qiang Liu , Jian Peng

Learning depends on changes in synaptic connections deep inside the brain. In multilayer networks, these changes are triggered by error signals fed back from the output, generally through a stepwise inversion of the feedforward processing…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-05 William F. Podlaski , Christian K. Machens

We consider the core reinforcement-learning problem of on-policy value function approximation from a batch of trajectory data, and focus on various issues of Temporal Difference (TD) learning and Monte Carlo (MC) policy evaluation. The two…

We introduce a distributed spatio-temporal artificial neural network architecture (DISTANA). It encodes mesh nodes using recurrent, neural prediction kernels (PKs), while neural transition kernels (TKs) transfer information between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Matthias Karlbauer , Sebastian Otte , Hendrik P. A. Lensch , Thomas Scholten , Volker Wulfmeyer , Martin V. Butz