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Prior distributions play a crucial role in Bayesian approaches to clustering. Two commonly-used prior distributions are the Dirichlet and Pitman-Yor processes. In this paper, we investigate the predictive probabilities that underlie these…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-10-18 Hanna M. Wallach , Shane T. Jensen , Lee Dicker , Katherine A. Heller

Robust tracking of a target in a clutter environment is an important and challenging task. In recent years, the nearest neighbor methods and probabilistic data association filters were proposed. However, the performance of these methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Bahman Moraffah , Christ Richmond , Raha Moraffah , Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola

Researchers are often interested in predicting outcomes, conducting clustering analysis to detect distinct subgroups of their data, or computing causal treatment effects. Pathological data distributions that exhibit skewness and…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-24 Arman Oganisian , Nandita Mitra , Jason Roy

A treatment may be appropriate for some group (the ``sick" group) on whom it has a positive effect, but it can also have a detrimental effect on subjects from another group (the ``healthy" group). In a non-targeted trial both sick and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Georgios Mavroudeas , Malik Magdon-Ismail , Kristin P. Bennett , Jason Kuruzovich

How should researchers conduct causal inference when the outcome of interest is latent and measured imperfectly by multiple indicators? We develop a general nonparametric framework for identifying and estimating average treatment effects on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-22 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green

Datasets containing large samples of time-to-event data arising from several small heterogeneous groups are commonly encountered in statistics. This presents problems as they cannot be pooled directly due to their heterogeneity or analyzed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-05 Alexandre Piché , Russell Steele , Ian Shrier , Stephanie Long

It is often of interest to decompose a total effect of an exposure into the component that acts on the outcome through some mediator and the component that acts independently through other pathways. Said another way, we are interested in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-01-21 Peng Ding , Tyler J. VanderWeele

Clustering stands as one of the most prominent challenges in unsupervised machine learning. Among centroid-based methods, the classic $k$-means algorithm, based on Lloyd's heuristic, is widely used. Nonetheless, it is a well-known fact that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-30 Supratik Basu , Jyotishka Ray Choudhury , Debolina Paul , Swagatam Das

In many applications, researchers are interested in the direct and indirect causal effects of a treatment or exposure on an outcome of interest. Mediation analysis offers a rigorous framework for identifying and estimating these causal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-08 Yizhen Xu , Numair Sani , AmirEmad Ghassami , Ilya Shpitser

Network interference occurs when a unit's outcome depends not only on its own treatment but also on the treatments received by connected units in the network. Experimental designs and analysis methods that ignore such interference can yield…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-04 Xiao Liu , Feifang Hu , Jingfei Zhang

Nested nonparametric processes are vectors of random probability measures widely used in the Bayesian literature to model the dependence across distinct, though related, groups of observations. These processes allow a two-level clustering,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-10 Federico Camerlenghi , Riccardo Corradin , Andrea Ongaro

Construction of just-in-time adaptive interventions, such as prompts delivered by mobile apps to promote and maintain behavioral change, requires knowledge about time-varying moderated effects to inform when and how we deliver intervention…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey

Although there is now a large literature on policy evaluation and learning, much of the prior work assumes that the treatment assignment of one unit does not affect the outcome of another unit. Unfortunately, ignoring interference can lead…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-02 Yi Zhang , Kosuke Imai

Mediation analysis seeks to identify and quantify the paths by which an exposure affects an outcome. Intermediate variables which are effected by the exposure and which effect the outcome are known as mediators. There exists extensive work…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-13 James P. Long , Ehsan Irajizad , James D. Doecke , Kim-Anh Do , Min Jin Ha

Causal decomposition has provided a powerful tool to analyze health disparity problems, by assessing the proportion of disparity caused by each mediator. However, most of these methods lack \emph{policy implications}, as they fail to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-21 Xinwei Sun , Xiangyu Zheng , Jim Weinstein

In Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT) with treatment non-compliance, instrumental variable approaches are used to estimate complier average causal effects. We extend these approaches to cost-effectiveness analyses, where methods need to…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-12-02 Karla DiazOrdaz , Angelo Franchini , Richard Grieve

The presence of intermediate confounders, also called recanting witnesses, is a fundamental challenge to the investigation of causal mechanisms in mediation analysis, preventing the identification of natural path-specific effects. Proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-10 Tat-Thang Vo , Nicholas Williams , Richard Liu , Kara E. Rudolph , Ivan Dıaz

Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are at the center of health economic decision making. While these analyses help policy analysts and economists determine coverage, inform policy, and guide resource allocation, they are statistically…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-10 Arman Oganisian , Nandita Mitra , Jason Roy

The causal inference literature has increasingly recognized that explicitly targeting treatment effect heterogeneity can lead to improved scientific understanding and policy recommendations. Towards the same ends, studying the causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-06 Angela Ting , Antonio R. Linero

We develop a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to evaluate the causal effect of treatment in a randomized trial where a nonterminal event may be censored by a terminal event, but not vice versa (i.e., semi-competing risks). Based on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-23 Yanxun Xu , Daniel Scharfstein , Peter Müller , Michael Daniels