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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on converged Cloud and High-Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure. However, as LLMs handle confidential inputs and are fine-tuned on costly, proprietary datasets, their heightened…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Marcin Chrapek , Marcin Copik , Etienne Mettaz , Torsten Hoefler

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), efficiently serving LLM inference under limited GPU resources has become a critical challenge. Recently, an increasing number of studies have explored applying serverless computing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zijie Su , Muhammed Tawfiqul Islam , Mohammad Goudarzi , Adel N. Toosi

Offline LLM inference seeks to maximize request processing under fixed budgets, making commodity GPU servers a promising choice. However, prior work typically considers offloading and parallelism in isolation, resulting in suboptimal…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hongbin Zhang , Taosheng Wei , Jiazhi Jiang , Hui Yan , Jiangsu Du , Zhiguang Chen

Decentralized inference provides a scalable and resilient paradigm for serving large language models (LLMs), enabling fragmented global resource utilization and reducing reliance on centralized providers. However, in a permissionless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ke Wang , Zishuo Zhao , Xinyuan Song , Zelin Li , Libin Xia , Chris Tong , Bill Shi , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have made a significant impact on various domains. However, LLMs' efficiency suffers from both heavy computation and memory overheads. Compression techniques like sparsification and…

The recent surge of open-source large language models (LLMs) enables developers to create AI-based solutions while maintaining control over aspects such as privacy and compliance, thereby providing governance and ownership of the model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Matias Martinez

The high memory and computation demand of large language models (LLMs) makes them challenging to be deployed on consumer devices due to limited GPU memory. Offloading can mitigate the memory constraint but often suffers from low GPU…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Yangyijian Liu , Jun Li , Wu-Jun Li

Advancements in large language models (LLMs) have unlocked remarkable capabilities. While deploying these models typically requires server-grade GPUs and cloud-based inference, the recent emergence of smaller open-source models and…

This report evaluates the performance impact of enabling Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) on NVIDIA Hopper GPUs for large language model (LLM) inference tasks. We benchmark the overhead introduced by TEE mode across various LLMs and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jianwei Zhu , Hang Yin , Peng Deng , Aline Almeida , Shunfan Zhou

This work examines latency, throughput, and other metrics when performing inference on confidential GPUs. We explore different traffic patterns and scheduling strategies using a single Virtual Machine with one NVIDIA H100 GPU, to perform…

Creating high-quality, large-scale datasets for large language models (LLMs) often relies on resource-intensive, GPU-accelerated models for quality filtering, making the process time-consuming and costly. This dependence on GPUs limits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yungi Kim , Hyunsoo Ha , Seonghoon Yang , Sukyung Lee , Jihoo Kim , Chanjun Park

This paper introduces Helix, a distributed system for high-throughput, low-latency large language model (LLM) serving in heterogeneous GPU clusters. The key idea behind Helix is to formulate inference computation of LLMs over heterogeneous…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yixuan Mei , Yonghao Zhuang , Xupeng Miao , Juncheng Yang , Zhihao Jia , Rashmi Vinayak

The community explored to build private inference frameworks for transformer-based large language models (LLMs) in a server-client setting, where the server holds the model parameters and the client inputs its private data (or prompt) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Xuanqi Liu , Zhuotao Liu

We present OnPrem$.$LLM, a Python-based toolkit for applying large language models (LLMs) to sensitive, non-public data in offline or restricted environments. The system is designed for privacy-preserving use cases and provides prebuilt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Arun S. Maiya

Training Large Language Models(LLMs) is one of the most compute-intensive tasks in high-performance computing. Predicting end-to-end training time for multi-billion parameter models distributed across hundreds of GPUs remains challenging…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Biyao Zhang , Mingkai Zheng , Debargha Ganguly , Xuecen Zhang , Vikash Singh , Vipin Chaudhary , Zhao Zhang

End users face a choice between privacy and efficiency in current Large Language Model (LLM) service paradigms. In cloud-based paradigms, users are forced to compromise data locality for generation quality and processing speed. Conversely,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Yiming Wang , Yu Lin , Xiaodong Zeng , Guannan Zhang

As inference workloads for large language models (LLMs) scale to meet growing user demand, pipeline parallelism (PP) has become a widely adopted strategy for multi-GPU deployment, particularly in cross-node setups, to improve key-value (KV)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yongchao He , Bohan Zhao , Zheng Cao

Finetuning large language models (LLMs) is essential for task adaptation, yet today's serving stacks isolate inference and finetuning on separate GPU clusters -- wasting resources and under-utilizing hardware. We introduce FlexLLM, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Gabriele Oliaro , Xupeng Miao , Xinhao Cheng , Vineeth Kada , Mengdi Wu , Ruohan Gao , Yingyi Huang , Remi Delacourt , April Yang , Yingcheng Wang , Colin Unger , Zhihao Jia

The emergence of ChatGPT marks the arrival of the large language model (LLM) era. While LLMs demonstrate their power in a variety of fields, they also raise serious privacy concerns as the users' queries are sent to the model provider. On…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fei Zheng , Chaochao Chen , Zhongxuan Han , Xiaolin Zheng

Large language model (LLM) training today runs on clusters spanning thousands of GPUs. While this scale enables rapid model advances, developing, debugging, and performance-tuning the training framework inevitably becomes complex and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Shaoke Xi , ChonLam Lao , Boyi Jia , Jiaqi Gao , Zhipeng Zhang , Jiamin Cao , Brian Sutioso , Erci Xu , Minlan Yu , Kui Ren , Yong Li , Zhengping Qian , Ennan Zhai , Jingren Zhou
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