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Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has become a critical issue for blockchain ecosystems, as it enables validators or block proposers to extract value by ordering, including or censoring users' transactions. This paper aims to present a formal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Bruno Mazorra , Nicolás Della Penna

Maximal (also miner) extractable value, or MEV, usually refers to the value that privileged players can extract by strategically ordering, censoring, and placing transactions in a blockchain. Each blockchain network, which we refer to as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Bruno Mazorra , Michael Reynolds , Vanesa Daza

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has emerged as a new frontier in the design of blockchain systems. In this paper, we propose making the MEV extraction rate as part of the protocol design space. Our aim is to leverage this parameter to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Pedro Braga , Georgios Chionas , Piotr Krysta , Stefanos Leonardos , Georgios Piliouras , Carmine Ventre

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) services are moving traditional financial operations to the Internet of Value (IOV) by exploiting smart contracts, distributed ledgers, and clever heterogeneous transactions among different protocols. The…

General Economics · Economics 2023-07-18 Teng Andrea Xu , Jiahua Xu

DeFi, or Decentralized Finance, is based on a distributed ledger called blockchain technology. Using blockchain, DeFi may customize the execution of predetermined operations between parties. The DeFi system use blockchain technology to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Wenkai Li , Jiuyang Bu , Xiaoqi Li , Hongli Peng , Yuanzheng Niu , Yuqing Zhang

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has the potential to disrupt centralized finance by validating peer-to-peer transactions through tamper-proof smart contracts, thus significantly lowering the transaction cost charged by financial…

General Economics · Economics 2023-12-04 Ziqiao Ao , Lin William Cong , Gergely Horvath , Luyao Zhang

Financial markets are undergoing an unprecedented transformation. Technological advances have brought major improvements to the operations of financial services. While these advances promote improved accessibility and convenience,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-12-05 Agostino Capponi , Garud Iyengar , Jay Sethuraman

The rapid growth of Blockchain and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has introduced new challenges and vulnerabilities that threaten the integrity and efficiency of the ecosystem. This study identifies critical issues such as Transaction Order…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Xiongfei Zhao , Hou-Wan Long , Zhengzhe Li , Jiangchuan Liu , Yain-Whar Si

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents billions of dollars in extracted value that fundamentally shapes blockchain network dynamics and participant incentives. While research has focused on MEV extraction and mitigation, we lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Andrei Seoev , Dmitry Belousov , Anastasiia Smirnova , Ksenia Kurinova , Aleksei Smirnov , Denis Fedyanin , Yury Yanovich

In recent years, blockchain technology has introduced decentralized finance (DeFi) as an alternative to traditional financial systems. DeFi aims to create a transparent and efficient financial ecosystem using smart contracts and emerging…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Bingqiao Luo , Zhen Zhang , Qian Wang , Anli Ke , Shengliang Lu , Bingsheng He

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a new financial industry built on blockchain technologies. Decentralized financial services have consequently increased the ability to lend, borrow, and invest in decentralized investment vehicles, allowing…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-27 Hugo Inzirillo , Stanislas de Quenetain

We present a measurement study on compositions of Decentralized Finance protocols, which aim to disrupt traditional finance and offer services on top of distributed ledgers, such as Ethereum. DeFi compositions may impact the development of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Stefan Kitzler , Friedhelm Victor , Pietro Saggese , Bernhard Haslhofer

The prevalence of maximal extractable value (MEV) in the Ethereum ecosystem has led to a characterization of the latter as a dark forest. Studies of MEV have thus far largely been restricted to purely on-chain MEV, i.e., sandwich attacks,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Lioba Heimbach , Vabuk Pahari , Eric Schertenleib

Decentralized Finance, mushrooming in permissionless blockchains, has attracted a recent surge in popularity. Due to the transparency of permissionless blockchains, opportunistic traders can compete to earn revenue by extracting Miner…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zihao Li , Jianfeng Li , Zheyuan He , Xiapu Luo , Ting Wang , Xiaoze Ni , Wenwu Yang , Xi Chen , Ting Chen

Many cryptocurrency platforms are vulnerable to Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) attacks, where a malicious consensus leader can inject transactions or change the order of user transactions to maximize its profit. A promising line of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Dahlia Malkhi , Pawel Szalachowski

Decentralized finance (DeFi) in Ethereum is a financial ecosystem built on the blockchain that has locked over 200 billion USD until April 2022. All transaction information is transparent and open when transacting through the DeFi protocol,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Wenkai Li , Jiuyang Bu , Xiaoqi Li , Xianyi Chen

Maximal Extractable Value, or MEV, remains a structural threat to blockchain fairness because a block producer can often observe pending transactions and unilaterally decide their ordering or inclusion. Existing mitigations hide transaction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jian Sheng Wang

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is emerging as a peer-to-peer financial ecosystem, enabling participants to trade products on a permissionless blockchain. Built on blockchain and smart contracts, the DeFi ecosystem has experienced explosive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Peng Qian , Rui Cao , Zhenguang Liu , Wenqing Li , Ming Li , Lun Zhang , Yufeng Xu , Jianhai Chen , Qinming He

This paper tackles the discovery of tMEV, that is, the Maximal Extractable Value on blockchains that arises from Token smart contracts. This scope differs from the existing MEV-discovery research, which analyzes application-layer contracts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jiaqi Chen , Yuzhe Tang , Yue Duan

As blockchains begin processing significant economic activity, the ability to include and order transactions inevitably becomes highly valuable, a concept known as Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). This makes effective mechanisms for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Robin Fritsch , Maria Inês Silva , Akaki Mamageishvili , Benjamin Livshits , Edward W. Felten