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Identifying heterogeneity in a population's response to a health or policy intervention is crucial for evaluating and informing policy decisions. We propose a novel heterogeneous treatment effect estimator in the difference-in-differences…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-24 Xinkun Nie , Chen Lu , Stefan Wager

In this paper we study the problems of estimating heterogeneity in causal effects in experimental or observational studies and conducting inference about the magnitude of the differences in treatment effects across subsets of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-08 Susan Athey , Guido Imbens

Policy-relevant treatment effect estimation in a marketplace setting requires taking into account both the direct benefit of the treatment and any spillovers induced by changes to the market equilibrium. The standard way to address these…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-04 Evan Munro , Xu Kuang , Stefan Wager

Bipartite experiments arise in various fields, in which the treatments are randomized over one set of units, while the outcomes are measured over another separate set of units. However, existing methods often rely on strong model…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-16 Sizhu Lu , Lei Shi , Yue Fang , Wenxin Zhang , Peng Ding

We revisit the classical causal inference problem of estimating the average treatment effect in the presence of fully observed confounding variables using two-stage semiparametric methods. In existing theoretical studies of methods such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-23 Steve Yadlowsky

We develop a marginal treatment effect based method to learn about causal effects in multiple treatment models with discrete instruments. We allow selection into treatment to be governed by a general class of threshold crossing models that…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Vishal Kamat , Samuel Norris , Matthew Pecenco

Many researchers have identified distribution shift as a likely contributor to the reproducibility crisis in behavioral and biomedical sciences. The idea is that if treatment effects vary across individual characteristics and experimental…

Applications · Statistics 2023-09-06 Ying Jin , Kevin Guo , Dominik Rothenhäusler

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate policies' effects: 26 of the 100 most cited papers published by the American Economic Review from 2015 to 2019 estimate such regressions. It has recently…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-06-22 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

Randomized controlled experiment has long been accepted as the golden standard for establishing causal link and estimating causal effect in various scientific fields. Average treatment effect is often used to summarize the effect…

Applications · Statistics 2016-10-14 Alex Deng , Pengchuan Zhang , Shouyuan Chen , Dong Woo Kim , Jiannan Lu

Regression discontinuity (RD) is a widely used quasi-experimental design for causal inference. In the standard RD, the assignment to treatment is determined by a continuous pretreatment variable (i.e., running variable) falling above or…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Fan Li , Andrea Mercatanti , Taneli Makinen , Andrea Silvestrini

Much evidence in comparative effectiveness research is based on observational studies. Researchers who conduct observational studies typically assume that there are no unobservable differences between the treated and control groups.…

Applications · Statistics 2020-01-23 Luke Keele , Stephen O'Neill , Richard Grieve

Practitioners in diverse fields such as healthcare, economics and education are eager to apply machine learning to improve decision making. The cost and impracticality of performing experiments and a recent monumental increase in electronic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Fredrik D. Johansson , Uri Shalit , Nathan Kallus , David Sontag

We study regression discontinuity designs in which many predetermined covariates, possibly much more than the number of observations, can be used to increase the precision of treatment effect estimates. We consider a two-step estimator…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-06 Alexander Kreiß , Christoph Rothe

We develop a Causal-Deep Neural Network (CDNN) model trained in two stages to infer causal impact estimates at an individual unit level. Using only the pre-treatment features in stage 1 in the absence of any treatment information, we learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Naveen Nair , Karthik S. Gurumoorthy , Dinesh Mandalapu

A growing statistical literature focuses on causal inference in the context of experiments where the target of inference is the average treatment effect in a finite population and random assignment determines which subjects are allocated to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Jonas M. Mikhaeil , Donald P. Green

We address a core problem in causal inference: estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using panel data with general treatment patterns. Many existing methods either do not utilize the potential underlying structure in panel data or have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-11 Retsef Levi , Elisabeth Paulson , Georgia Perakis , Emily Zhang

Epidemiologists and applied statisticians often believe that relative effect measures conditional on covariates, such as risk ratios and mean ratios, are ``transportable'' across populations. Here, we examine the identification of causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-24 Issa J. Dahabreh , Sarah E. Robertson , Jon A. Steingrimsson

Inferring individualised treatment effects from observational data can unlock the potential for targeted interventions. It is, however, hard to infer these effects from observational data. One major problem that can arise is covariate shift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Damian Machlanski , Spyros Samothrakis , Paul Clarke

We study a continuous treatment effect model in the presence of treatment spillovers through social networks. We assume that one's outcome is affected not only by his/her own treatment but also by a (weighted) average of his/her neighbors'…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-12 Tadao Hoshino

This paper studies regression discontinuity designs (RDD) when linear-in-means spillovers occur between units that are close in their running variable. We show that the RDD estimand depends on the ratio of two terms: (1) the radius over…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-16 Eric Auerbach , Yong Cai , Ahnaf Rafi