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Being able to thoroughly assess massive multi-task language understanding (MMLU) capabilities is essential for advancing the applicability of multilingual language models. However, preparing such benchmarks in high quality native language…

Existing studies on fairness are largely Western-focused, making them inadequate for culturally diverse countries such as India. To address this gap, we introduce INDIC-BIAS, a comprehensive India-centric benchmark designed to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Janki Atul Nawale , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Janani D , Mansi Gupta , Danish Pruthi , Mitesh M. Khapra

Automatic evaluation of translation remains a challenging task owing to the orthographic, morphological, syntactic and semantic richness and divergence observed across languages. String-based metrics such as BLEU have previously been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Arafat Ahsan , Vandan Mujadia , Pruthwik Mishra , Yash Bhaskar , Dipti Misra Sharma

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) necessitates evaluation frameworks that reflect real-world academic rigor and multilingual complexity. This paper introduces IndicEval, a scalable benchmarking platform designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Saurabh Bharti , Gaurav Azad , Abhinaw Jagtap , Nachiket Tapas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation from natural language prompts, revolutionizing software development workflows. As we advance towards agent-based development paradigms, these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ujjwal Singh , Aditi Sharma , Nikhil Gupta , Deepakshi , Vivek Kumar Jha

Existing Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) generally focus on only a few regions and languages. As LMMs continue to improve, it is increasingly important to ensure they understand cultural contexts, respect local sensitivities, and support…

The dominance of large multilingual foundation models has widened linguistic inequalities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), often leaving low-resource languages underrepresented. This paper introduces LilMoo, a 0.6-billion-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shiza Fatimah , Aniket Sen , Sophia Falk , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek , Nicholas Kluge Corrêa

India is a multilingual society with 1369 rationalized languages and dialects being spoken across the country (INDIA, 2011). Of these, the 22 scheduled languages have a staggering total of 1.17 billion speakers and 121 languages have more…

Analogies test a model's ability to infer implicit relationships between concepts, making them a key benchmark for evaluating reasoning capabilities. While large language models (LLMs) are widely evaluated for reasoning in English, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ashray Gupta , Rohan Joseph , Sunny Rai

Large language models (LLMs) are now deployed worldwide, inspiring a surge of benchmarks that measure their multilingual and multicultural abilities. However, these benchmarks prioritize generic language understanding or superficial…

The advancements in the Large Language Model (LLM) have helped in solving several problems related to language processing. Most of the researches have focused on the English language only, because of its popularity and abundance on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Sanjay Chouhan , Shubha Brata Nath , Aparajita Dutta

For natural language understanding (NLU) technology to be maximally useful, both practically and as a scientific object of study, it must be general: it must be able to process language in a way that is not exclusively tailored to any one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Alex Wang , Amanpreet Singh , Julian Michael , Felix Hill , Omer Levy , Samuel R. Bowman

Large language models (LLMs) excel in high-resource languages but struggle with low-resource languages (LRLs), particularly those spoken by minority communities in China, such as Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian. To systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chen Zhang , Mingxu Tao , Zhiyuan Liao , Yansong Feng

Recent strides in Large Language Models (LLMs) have saturated many Natural Language Processing (NLP) benchmarks, emphasizing the need for more challenging ones to properly assess LLM capabilities. However, domain-specific and multilingual…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry due to their remarkable performance in various applications such as visual question answering, visual perception, understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jian Li , Weiheng Lu , Hao Fei , Meng Luo , Ming Dai , Min Xia , Yizhang Jin , Zhenye Gan , Ding Qi , Chaoyou Fu , Ying Tai , Wankou Yang , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang

Evaluating instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) in Hindi is challenging due to a lack of high-quality benchmarks, as direct translation of English datasets fails to capture crucial linguistic and cultural nuances. To address this,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Anusha Kamath , Kanishk Singla , Rakesh Paul , Raviraj Joshi , Utkarsh Vaidya , Sanjay Singh Chauhan , Niranjan Wartikar

Establishing fair and robust benchmarks is essential for evaluating intelligent code generation by large language models (LLMs). Our survey of 35 existing benchmarks uncovers three major imbalances: 85.7% focus on a single programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Shuai Wang , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Yong Luo , Han Hu , Lefei Zhang , Fu Lin

While automatic metrics drive progress in Machine Translation (MT) and Text Summarization (TS), existing metrics have been developed and validated almost exclusively for English and other high-resource languages. This narrow focus leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Amir Hossein Yari , Kalmit Kulkarni , Ahmad Raza Khan , Fajri Koto

In the age of large-scale language models, benchmarks like the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) have been pivotal in pushing the boundaries of what AI can achieve in language comprehension and reasoning across diverse…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Recently, many tool-use benchmark datasets have been proposed. However, existing…