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Neural metrics for machine translation (MT) evaluation have become increasingly prominent due to their superior correlation with human judgments compared to traditional lexical metrics. Researchers have therefore utilized neural metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef , Ricardo Rei , Emmanuel Malherbe , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo , Nuno M. Guerreiro

We evaluate Kahneman-Tversky Optimization (KTO) as a fine-tuning method for large language models (LLMs) in federated learning (FL) settings, comparing it against Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). Using Alpaca-7B as the base model, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Fernando Spadea , Oshani Seneviratne

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is an effective technique that leverages pairwise preference data (usually one chosen and rejected response pair per user prompt) to align LLMs to human preferences. In practice, multiple responses can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Pulkit Pattnaik , Rishabh Maheshwary , Kelechi Ogueji , Vikas Yadav , Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has gained attention as an efficient alternative to reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Despite its advantages, DPO suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Ruichen Shao , Bei Li , Gangao Liu , Yang Chen , Xiang Zhou , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Peng Li

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria

Offline preference optimization methods are efficient for large language models (LLMs) alignment. Direct Preference optimization (DPO)-like learning, one of the most popular approaches, stands out for its efficiency in reward modeling.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaobo Wang , Zixia Jia , Jiaqi Li , Qi Liu , Zilong Zheng

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been widely adopted for preference alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, DPO is derived as a bandit problem in which the whole response is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Aiwei Liu , Haoping Bai , Zhiyun Lu , Yanchao Sun , Xiang Kong , Simon Wang , Jiulong Shan , Albin Madappally Jose , Xiaojiang Liu , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Meng Cao

Current Large Language Model (LLM) preference optimization algorithms do not account for temporal preference drift, which can lead to severe misalignment. To address this limitation, we propose Non-Stationary Direct Preference Optimisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Seongho Son , William Bankes , Sayak Ray Chowdhury , Brooks Paige , Ilija Bogunovic

This paper studies post-training large language models (LLMs) using preference feedback from a powerful oracle to help a model iteratively improve over itself. The typical approach for post-training LLMs involves Reinforcement Learning from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Corby Rosset , Ching-An Cheng , Arindam Mitra , Michael Santacroce , Ahmed Awadallah , Tengyang Xie

The rapid rise of large language models (LLMs) has unlocked many applications but also underscores the challenge of aligning them with diverse values and preferences. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is central to alignment but…

This study addresses the challenge of noise in training datasets for Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), a method for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. We categorize noise into pointwise noise, which includes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Junkang Wu , Yuexiang Xie , Zhengyi Yang , Jiancan Wu , Jiawei Chen , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

We derive and investigate two DPO variants that explicitly model the possibility of declaring a tie in pair-wise comparisons. We replace the Bradley-Terry model in DPO with two well-known modeling extensions, by Rao and Kupper and by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jinghong Chen , Guangyu Yang , Weizhe Lin , Jingbiao Mei , Bill Byrne

Tool-Augmented Larage Language Models (TA-LLMs) have shown promise in real-world applications, but face challenges in handling incomplete queries and out-of-scope requests. While existing approaches rely mainly on Supervised Fine-Tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Sunghee Jung , Donghun Lee , Shinbok Lee , Gaeun Seo , Daniel Lee , Byeongil Ko , Junrae Cho , Kihyun Kim , Eunggyun Kim , Myeongcheol Shin

Automated theorem proving (ATP) is one of the most challenging mathematical reasoning tasks for Large Language Models (LLMs). Most existing LLM-based ATP methods rely on supervised fine-tuning, which results in a limited alignment between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuming Shi , Ruobing Zuo , Gaolei He , Jianlin Wang , Chenyang Xu , Zhengfeng Yang

Direct preference optimization (DPO), a widely adopted offline preference optimization algorithm, aims to align large language models (LLMs) with human-desired behaviors using pairwise preference data. However, the generation of the winning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yuxin Jiang , Bo Huang , Yufei Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Ruiming Tang , Wei Wang

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is an effective framework for aligning large language models with human preferences, but it struggles with complex reasoning tasks. DPO optimizes for the likelihood of generating preferred over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Darsh Kachroo , Adriana Caraeni , Arjun Prasaath Anbazhagan , Brennan Lagasse , Kevin Zhu

Direct Preference Optimisation (DPO) has emerged as a powerful method for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, offering a stable and efficient alternative to approaches that use Reinforcement learning via Human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Sarvesh Shashidhar , Ritik , Nachiketa Patil , Suraj Racha , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a promising framework for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences by directly optimizing the log-likelihood difference between chosen and rejected responses. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Meng Li , Guangda Huzhang , Haibo Zhang , Xiting Wang , Anxiang Zeng

Recent studies have shown that large language models' (LLMs) mathematical problem-solving capabilities can be enhanced by integrating external tools, such as code interpreters, and employing multi-turn Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning.…

Alignment of large language models (LLMs) has predominantly relied on pairwise preference optimization, where annotators select the better of two responses to a prompt. While simple, this approach overlooks the opportunity to learn from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuxuan Tang , Yifan Feng