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Generating images with embedded text is crucial for the automatic production of visual and multimodal documents, such as educational materials and advertisements. However, existing diffusion-based text-to-image models often struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Forouzan Fallah , Maitreya Patel , Agneet Chatterjee , Vlad I. Morariu , Chitta Baral , Yezhou Yang

Language models are increasingly being incorporated as components in larger AI systems for various purposes, from prompt optimization to automatic evaluation. In this work, we analyze the construct validity of four recent, commonly used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Candace Ross , Melissa Hall , Adriana Romero Soriano , Adina Williams

Text-image generation has advanced rapidly, but assessing whether outputs truly capture the objects, attributes, and relations described in prompts remains a central challenge. Evaluation in this space relies heavily on automated metrics,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Seyed Amir Kasaei , Ali Aghayari , Arash Marioriyad , Niki Sepasian , MohammadAmin Fazli , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Over the past few years, Text-to-Image (T2I) generation approaches based on diffusion models have gained significant attention. However, vanilla diffusion models often suffer from spelling inaccuracies in the text displayed within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Sanyam Lakhanpal , Shivang Chopra , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Man Luo

Evaluating image captions typically relies on reference captions, which are costly to obtain and exhibit significant diversity and subjectivity. While reference-free evaluation metrics have been proposed, most focus on cross-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Tianyu Cui , Jinbin Bai , Guo-Hua Wang , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Ye Shi

Text-to-image models often struggle to generate images that precisely match textual prompts. Prior research has extensively studied the evaluation of image-text alignment in text-to-image generation. However, existing evaluations primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Huixuan Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

Text-to-Image (T2I) models are capable of generating high-quality artistic creations and visual content. However, existing research and evaluation standards predominantly focus on image realism and shallow text-image alignment, lacking a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yuwei Niu , Munan Ning , Mengren Zheng , Weiyang Jin , Bin Lin , Peng Jin , Jiaqi Liao , Chaoran Feng , Kunpeng Ning , Bin Zhu , Li Yuan

Personalized text-to-image generation has attracted unprecedented attention in the recent few years due to its unique capability of generating highly-personalized images via using the input concept dataset and novel textual prompt. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shian Du , Xiaotian Cheng , Qi Qian , Henglu Wei , Yi Xu , Xiangyang Ji

Recent years have seen impressive advances in text-to-image generation, with image generative or unified models producing high-quality images from text. Yet these models still struggle with fine-grained color controllability, often failing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Muhammad Atif Butt , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Tao Wu , Javier Vazquez-Corral , Joost Van De Weijer , Kai Wang

Editing images using natural language instructions has become a natural and expressive way to modify visual content; yet, evaluating the performance of such models remains challenging. Existing evaluation approaches often rely on image-text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Yusu Qian , Jiasen Lu , Tsu-Jui Fu , Xinze Wang , Chen Chen , Yinfei Yang , Wenze Hu , Zhe Gan

Text-to-image diffusion models have achieved widespread popularity due to their unprecedented image generation capability. In particular, their ability to synthesize and modify human faces has spurred research into using generated face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Harrison Rosenberg , Shimaa Ahmed , Guruprasad V Ramesh , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak , Kassem Fawaz

Modern generative models have demonstrated the ability to solve challenging mathematical problems. In many real-world settings, however, mathematical solutions must be expressed visually through diagrams, plots, geometric constructions, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Ruiyao Liu , Hui Shen , Ping Zhang , Yunta Hsieh , Yifan Zhang , Jing Xu , Sicheng Chen , Junchen Li , Jiawei Lu , Jianing Ma , Jiaqi Mo , Qi Han , Zhen Zhang , Zhongwei Wan , Jing Xiong , Xin Wang , Ziyuan Liu , Hangrui Cao , Ngai Wong

Text-to-image models are known to struggle with generating images that perfectly align with textual prompts. Several previous studies have focused on evaluating image-text alignment in text-to-image generation. However, these evaluations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Huixuan Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

AI-based text-to-image models do not only excel at generating realistic images, they also give designers more and more fine-grained control over the image content. Consequently, these approaches have gathered increased attention within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Sebastian Hartwig , Dominik Engel , Leon Sick , Hannah Kniesel , Tristan Payer , Poonam Poonam , Michael Glöckler , Alex Bäuerle , Timo Ropinski

Evaluating and comparing text-to-image models is a challenging problem. Significant advances in the field have recently been made, piquing interest of various industrial sectors. As a consequence, a gold standard in the field should cover a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Federico A. Galatolo , Mario G. C. A. Cimino , Edoardo Cogotti

Evaluating sign language generation is often done through back-translation, where generated signs are first recognized back to text and then compared to a reference using text-based metrics. However, this two-step evaluation pipeline…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Saki Imai , Mert İnan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

The field of text-conditioned image generation has made unparalleled progress with the recent advent of latent diffusion models. While remarkable, as the complexity of given text input increases, the state-of-the-art diffusion models may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Jaskirat Singh , Liang Zheng

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) and diffusion-based generative models have substantially improved prompt-driven image editing. However, scene text editing remains challenging, as it requires models to precisely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yiheng Lin , Siyu Jiao , Xiaohan Lan , Wei Zhou , Qi She , Fei Yu , Heyun Chen , Zhengwei Wang , Jinghuan Chen , Moran Li , Yingchen Yu , Zijian Feng , Yao Zhao , Yunchao Wei , Yujie Zhong

Human evaluation is critical for validating the performance of text-to-image generative models, as this highly cognitive process requires deep comprehension of text and images. However, our survey of 37 recent papers reveals that many works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Mayu Otani , Riku Togashi , Yu Sawai , Ryosuke Ishigami , Yuta Nakashima , Esa Rahtu , Janne Heikkilä , Shin'ichi Satoh

We propose a novel embedding-based captioning metric termed as L-CLIPScore that can be used for efficiently evaluating caption quality and training captioning model. L-CLIPScore is calculated from a lightweight CLIP (L-CLIP), which is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Li Li , Yingzhe Peng , Xu Yang , Ruoxi Cheng , Haiyang Xu , Ming Yan , Fei Huang