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Large language models (LLMs) have become the foundation of many applications, leveraging their extensive capabilities in processing and understanding natural language. While many open-source LLMs have been released with technical reports,…

We present Hunyuan-DiT, a text-to-image diffusion transformer with fine-grained understanding of both English and Chinese. To construct Hunyuan-DiT, we carefully design the transformer structure, text encoder, and positional encoding. We…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) effectively scales large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) by increasing capacity through sparse activation. However, preloading all experts into memory and activating multiple experts per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Yukang Chen , Jianhui Liu , Haoru Tan , Si Liu , Shiming Zhang , Shuicheng Yan , Xiaojuan Qi

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) are pivotal in industrial applications for their ability to scale performance efficiently. However, standard MoEs enforce uniform expert sizes,creating a rigidity that fails to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Zhicheng Ma , Xiang Liu , Zhaoxiang Liu , Ning Wang , Yi Shen , Kai Wang , Shuming Shi , Shiguo Lian

Large language models (LLMs) excel in general-domain applications, yet their performance often degrades in specialized tasks requiring domain-specific knowledge. E-commerce is particularly challenging, as its data are noisy, heterogeneous,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Sophia Maria

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang

With the breakthrough progress of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing and multimodal tasks, efficiently deploying them on resource-constrained edge devices has become a critical challenge. The Mixture of Experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tuo Zhang , Ning Li , Xin Yuan , Wenchao Xu , Quan Chen , Song Guo , Haijun Zhang

The scaling of large language models has greatly improved natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. In this work, we develop a system that trained a trillion-parameter language model on a cluster of Ascend 910 AI processors…

This paper presents HunyuanOCR, a commercial-grade, open-source, and lightweight (1B parameters) Vision-Language Model (VLM) dedicated to OCR tasks. The architecture comprises a Native Vision Transformer (ViT) and a lightweight LLM…

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

In deep learning, models typically reuse the same parameters for all inputs. Mixture of Experts (MoE) defies this and instead selects different parameters for each incoming example. The result is a sparsely-activated model -- with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 William Fedus , Barret Zoph , Noam Shazeer

Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (short as MoE) architecture has achieved remarkable success in increasing the model capacity of large-scale language models. However, MoE requires incorporating significantly more parameters than the base model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ze-Feng Gao , Peiyu Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

In recent years, pre-trained language models have undergone rapid development with the emergence of large-scale models. However, there is a lack of open-sourced chat models specifically designed for the Chinese language, especially in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Xuanyu Zhang , Qing Yang , Dongliang Xu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models dramatically expand model capacity and achieve remarkable performance without increasing per-token compute. However, can MoEs surpass dense architectures under strictly equal resource constraints --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Houyi Li , Ka Man Lo , Shijie Xuyang , Ziqi Wang , Wenzhen Zheng , Haocheng Zhang , Zhao Li , Shuigeng Zhou , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers…

We present DeepSeek-V3, a strong Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model with 671B total parameters with 37B activated for each token. To achieve efficient inference and cost-effective training, DeepSeek-V3 adopts Multi-head Latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Bei Feng , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bochao Wu , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenyu Zhang , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Dongjie Ji , Erhang Li , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Fuli Luo , Guangbo Hao , Guanting Chen , Guowei Li , H. Zhang , Han Bao , Hanwei Xu , Haocheng Wang , Haowei Zhang , Honghui Ding , Huajian Xin , Huazuo Gao , Hui Li , Hui Qu , J. L. Cai , Jian Liang , Jianzhong Guo , Jiaqi Ni , Jiashi Li , Jiawei Wang , Jin Chen , Jingchang Chen , Jingyang Yuan , Junjie Qiu , Junlong Li , Junxiao Song , Kai Dong , Kai Hu , Kaige Gao , Kang Guan , Kexin Huang , Kuai Yu , Lean Wang , Lecong Zhang , Lei Xu , Leyi Xia , Liang Zhao , Litong Wang , Liyue Zhang , Meng Li , Miaojun Wang , Mingchuan Zhang , Minghua Zhang , Minghui Tang , Mingming Li , Ning Tian , Panpan Huang , Peiyi Wang , Peng Zhang , Qiancheng Wang , Qihao Zhu , Qinyu Chen , Qiushi Du , R. J. Chen , R. L. Jin , Ruiqi Ge , Ruisong Zhang , Ruizhe Pan , Runji Wang , Runxin Xu , Ruoyu Zhang , Ruyi Chen , S. S. Li , Shanghao Lu , Shangyan Zhou , Shanhuang Chen , Shaoqing Wu , Shengfeng Ye , Shengfeng Ye , Shirong Ma , Shiyu Wang , Shuang Zhou , Shuiping Yu , Shunfeng Zhou , Shuting Pan , T. Wang , Tao Yun , Tian Pei , Tianyu Sun , W. L. Xiao , Wangding Zeng , Wanjia Zhao , Wei An , Wen Liu , Wenfeng Liang , Wenjun Gao , Wenqin Yu , Wentao Zhang , X. Q. Li , Xiangyue Jin , Xianzu Wang , Xiao Bi , Xiaodong Liu , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaojin Shen , Xiaokang Chen , Xiaokang Zhang , Xiaosha Chen , Xiaotao Nie , Xiaowen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang , Xin Cheng , Xin Liu , Xin Xie , Xingchao Liu , Xingkai Yu , Xinnan Song , Xinxia Shan , Xinyi Zhou , Xinyu Yang , Xinyuan Li , Xuecheng Su , Xuheng Lin , Y. K. Li , Y. Q. Wang , Y. X. Wei , Y. X. Zhu , Yang Zhang , Yanhong Xu , Yanhong Xu , Yanping Huang , Yao Li , Yao Zhao , Yaofeng Sun , Yaohui Li , Yaohui Wang , Yi Yu , Yi Zheng , Yichao Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yiliang Xiong , Ying He , Ying Tang , Yishi Piao , Yisong Wang , Yixuan Tan , Yiyang Ma , Yiyuan Liu , Yongqiang Guo , Yu Wu , Yuan Ou , Yuchen Zhu , Yuduan Wang , Yue Gong , Yuheng Zou , Yujia He , Yukun Zha , Yunfan Xiong , Yunxian Ma , Yuting Yan , Yuxiang Luo , Yuxiang You , Yuxuan Liu , Yuyang Zhou , Z. F. Wu , Z. Z. Ren , Zehui Ren , Zhangli Sha , Zhe Fu , Zhean Xu , Zhen Huang , Zhen Zhang , Zhenda Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhewen Hao , Zhibin Gou , Zhicheng Ma , Zhigang Yan , Zhihong Shao , Zhipeng Xu , Zhiyu Wu , Zhongyu Zhang , Zhuoshu Li , Zihui Gu , Zijia Zhu , Zijun Liu , Zilin Li , Ziwei Xie , Ziyang Song , Ziyi Gao , Zizheng Pan

The QMoE model provides a practical approach for compression of massive Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models. QMoE offers a solution geared towards memory limitations that often reach terabyte scales, and it has the advantage of working with…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jack Cashman , Jiaqi Nie

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale language models by activating only a subset of specialized expert networks for each input token, thereby reducing the number of floating-point operations. However, the growing size of modern MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yun Wang , Lingyun Yang , Senhao Yu , Yixiao Wang , Ruixing Li , Zhixiang Wei , James Yen , Zhengwei Qi

We introduce FlexOlmo, a new class of language models (LMs) that supports (1) distributed training without data sharing, where different model parameters are independently trained on closed datasets, and (2) data-flexible inference, where…

As the latest advancements in natural language processing, large language models (LLMs) have achieved human-level language understanding and generation abilities in many real-world tasks, and even have been regarded as a potential path to…