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Vector quantization is common in deep models, yet its hard assignments block gradients and hinder end-to-end training. We propose DiVeQ, which treats quantization as adding an error vector that mimics the quantization distortion, keeping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mohammad Hassan Vali , Tom Bäckström , Arno Solin

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) achieve outstanding performance, yet their huge model size severely hinders deployment on edge devices with limited resources. As an efficient model compression technique, vector quantization (VQ) excels in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhong Wang , Zukang Xu , Xing Hu , Dawei Yang

Quantizing images into discrete representations has been a fundamental problem in unified generative modeling. Predominant approaches learn the discrete representation either in a deterministic manner by selecting the best-matching token or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jiahui Zhang , Fangneng Zhan , Christian Theobalt , Shijian Lu

Accurate and well-calibrated Machine Learning (ML) models are mandatory in high-stakes settings, yet effective multiclass calibration remains challenging: global approaches assume calibration errors are homogeneous across the latent space,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Cesare Barbera , Lorenzo Perini , Giovanni De Toni , Andrea Passerini , Andrea Pugnana

Vector quantization (VQ) is a method for deterministically learning features through discrete codebook representations. Recent works have utilized visual tokenizers to discretize visual regions for self-supervised representation learning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Chenjing Ding , Chiyu Wang , Boshi Liu , Xi Guo , Weixuan Tang , Wei Wu

The rapid growth of visual data under stringent storage and bandwidth constraints makes extremely low-bitrate image compression increasingly important. While Vector Quantization (VQ) offers strong structural fidelity, existing methods lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shiyin Jiang , Wei Long , Minghao Han , Zhenghao Chen , Ce Zhu , Shuhang Gu

In this work, we developed and tested 3 techniques for vector quantization (VQ) based model weight compression. To mitigate codebook collapse and enable end-to-end training, we adopted cosine similarity-based assignment. Building on ideas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Terry Gou , Puneet Gupta

Images captured in nighttime scenes suffer from severely reduced visibility, hindering effective content perception. Current low-light image enhancement (LLIE) methods face significant challenges: data-driven end-to-end mapping networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tongshun Zhang , Pingping Liu , Zhe Zhang , Qiuzhan Zhou

Vector Quantization (VQ) has become the cornerstone of tokenization for many multimodal Large Language Models and diffusion synthesis. However, existing VQ paradigms suffer from a fundamental conflict: they enforce discretization before the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Vector Quantized Variational AutoEncoders (VQ-VAEs) are designed to compress a continuous input to a discrete latent space and reconstruct it with minimal distortion. They operate by maintaining a set of vectors -- often referred to as the…

Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAE)[1] provide an unsupervised model for learning discrete representations by combining vector quantization and autoencoders. In this paper, we study the use of VQ-VAE for representation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-05 Hanwei Wu , Markus Flierl

Generative models with discrete latent representations have recently demonstrated an impressive ability to learn complex high-dimensional data distributions. However, their performance relies on a long sequence of tokens per instance and a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 David D. Nguyen , David Leibowitz , Surya Nepal , Salil S. Kanhere

Learning discrete representations with vector quantization (VQ) has emerged as a powerful approach in various generative models. However, most VQ-based models rely on a single, fixed-rate codebook, requiring extensive retraining for new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiwan Seo , Joonhyuk Kang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications requiring long context lengths, but the key-value (KV) cache often becomes a memory bottleneck on GPUs as context grows. To address this, we propose Commutative Vector…

We propose to replace vector quantization (VQ) in the latent representation of VQ-VAEs with a simple scheme termed finite scalar quantization (FSQ), where we project the VAE representation down to a few dimensions (typically less than 10).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Fabian Mentzer , David Minnen , Eirikur Agustsson , Michael Tschannen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success but face significant computational and memory challenges, particularly due to their extensive output vocabularies. The final linear projection layer, mapping hidden states to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jintian Shao , Hongyi Huang , Jiayi Wu , YiMing Cheng , ZhiYu Wu , You Shan , MingKai Zheng

Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) leverage self-supervised learning through reconstruction tasks to represent continuous vectors using the closest vectors in a codebook. However, issues such as codebook collapse persist in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Hong-Kai Zheng , Piji Li

In this paper a variation of the classic vector quantization problem is considered. In the standard formulation, a quantizer is designed to minimize the distortion between input and output when the number of reconstruction points is fixed.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Joseph Chataignon , Stefano Rini

Vector quantization (VQ) is a prevalent and fundamental technique that discretizes continuous feature vectors by approximating them using a codebook. As the diversity and complexity of data and models continue to increase, there is an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jie Li , Kwan-Yee K. Wong , Kai Han