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We study empirical scaling laws for transfer learning between distributions in an unsupervised, fine-tuning setting. When we train increasingly large neural networks from-scratch on a fixed-size dataset, they eventually become data-limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Danny Hernandez , Jared Kaplan , Tom Henighan , Sam McCandlish

The pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm has contributed to a number of breakthroughs in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Instead of directly training on a downstream task, language models are first pre-trained on large datasets with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vithursan Thangarasa , Abhay Gupta , William Marshall , Tianda Li , Kevin Leong , Dennis DeCoste , Sean Lie , Shreyas Saxena

Identifying algorithms for computational efficient unsupervised training of large language models is an important and active area of research. In this work, we develop and study a straightforward, dynamic always-sparse pre-training approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Anastasia Dietrich , Frithjof Gressmann , Douglas Orr , Ivan Chelombiev , Daniel Justus , Carlo Luschi

Speeding up the large-scale distributed training is challenging in that it requires improving various components of training including load balancing, communication, optimizers, etc. We present novel approaches for fast large-scale training…

Algorithms have been estimated to increase AI training FLOP efficiency by a factor of 22,000 between 2012 and 2023 [Ho et al., 2024]. Running small-scale ablation experiments on key innovations from this time period, we are able to account…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Hans Gundlach , Alex Fogelson , Jayson Lynch , Ana Trisovic , Jonathan Rosenfeld , Anmol Sandhu , Neil Thompson

Federated learning (FL) has recently emerged as an important and promising learning scheme in IoT, enabling devices to jointly learn a model without sharing their raw data sets. However, as the training data in FL is not collected and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Shuo Wan , Jiaxun Lu , Pingyi Fan , Yunfeng Shao , Chenghui Peng , Khaled B. letaief

Precise estimation of downstream performance in large language models (LLMs) prior to training is essential for guiding their development process. Scaling laws analysis utilizes the statistics of a series of significantly smaller sampling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yangyi Chen , Binxuan Huang , Yifan Gao , Zhengyang Wang , Jingfeng Yang , Heng Ji

Recent hardware developments have dramatically increased the scale of data parallelism available for neural network training. Among the simplest ways to harness next-generation hardware is to increase the batch size in standard mini-batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Christopher J. Shallue , Jaehoon Lee , Joseph Antognini , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Roy Frostig , George E. Dahl

Training deep networks is expensive and time-consuming with the training period increasing with data size and growth in model parameters. In this paper, we provide a framework for distributed training of deep networks over a cluster of CPUs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-22 Disha Shrivastava , Santanu Chaudhury , Dr. Jayadeva

Training diffusion models is always a computation-intensive task. In this paper, we introduce a novel speed-up method for diffusion model training, called, which is based on a closer look at time steps. Our key findings are: i) Time steps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Kai Wang , Mingjia Shi , Yukun Zhou , Zekai Li , Zhihang Yuan , Yuzhang Shang , Xiaojiang Peng , Hanwang Zhang , Yang You

Distributed machine learning (ML) training has become a necessity with the prevalence of billion to trillion-parameter-scale models. While prior work has improved training efficiency from the ML perspective at the application layer, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zechen Ma , Zixi Qu , Jinyan Yi , David Lin , Yashar Ganjali

Scale has become a main ingredient in obtaining strong machine learning models. As a result, understanding a model's scaling properties is key to effectively designing both the right training setup as well as future generations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Alexander Hägele , Elie Bakouch , Atli Kosson , Loubna Ben Allal , Leandro Von Werra , Martin Jaggi

This paper presents a comparative analysis of distributed training strategies for large-scale neural networks, focusing on data parallelism, model parallelism, and hybrid approaches. We evaluate these strategies on image classification…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Vishnu Vardhan Baligodugula , Fathi Amsaad

We present a limited empirical study of scaling laws for transfer learning in transformer models. More specifically, we examine a scaling law that incorporates a "transfer gap" term, indicating the effectiveness of pre-training on one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Matthew Barnett

While scaling laws provide a reliable methodology for predicting train loss across compute scales for a single data distribution, less is known about how these predictions should change as we change the distribution. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Anand , Nikhil Vyas , Eran Malach , Sham Kakade

Deep learning applications are drastically progressing in seismic processing and interpretation tasks. However, the majority of approaches subsample data volumes and restrict model sizes to minimise computational requirements. Subsampling…

Geophysics · Physics 2021-02-26 Claire Birnie , Haithem Jarraya , Fredrik Hansteen

With the increasing data volume, there is a trend of using large-scale pre-trained models to store the knowledge into an enormous number of model parameters. The training of these models is composed of lots of dense algebras, requiring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Xiaonan Nie , Xupeng Miao , Zilong Wang , Zichao Yang , Jilong Xue , Lingxiao Ma , Gang Cao , Bin Cui

Distributed training in deep learning (DL) is common practice as data and models grow. The current practice for distributed training of deep neural networks faces the challenges of communication bottlenecks when operating at scale, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Shubhankar Gahlot , Junqi Yin , Mallikarjun Shankar

Data parallel training is widely used for scaling distributed deep neural network (DNN) training. However, the performance benefits are often limited by the communication-heavy parameter synchronization step. In this paper, we take…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Anand Jayarajan , Jinliang Wei , Garth Gibson , Alexandra Fedorova , Gennady Pekhimenko

Nowadays, large and complex deep learning (DL) models are increasingly trained in a distributed manner across multiple worker machines, in which extensive communications between workers pose serious scaling problems. In this article, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Shaohuai Shi , Zhenheng Tang , Xiaowen Chu , Chengjian Liu , Wei Wang , Bo Li