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Causal models bring many benefits to decision-making systems (or agents) by making them interpretable, sample-efficient, and robust to changes in the input distribution. However, spurious correlations can lead to wrong causal models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Sergei Volodin , Nevan Wichers , Jeremy Nixon

Deep classifiers are known to rely on spurious features $\unicode{x2013}$ patterns which are correlated with the target on the training data but not inherently relevant to the learning problem, such as the image backgrounds when classifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Pavel Izmailov , Polina Kirichenko , Nate Gruver , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Learning representations unaffected by superficial characteristics is important to ensure that shifts in these characteristics at test time do not compromise downstream prediction performance. For instance, in healthcare applications, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Minghui Sun , Benjamin A. Goldstein , Matthew M. Engelhard

Selective classification enables models to make predictions only when they are sufficiently confident, aiming to enhance safety and reliability, which is important in high-stakes scenarios. Previous methods mainly use deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yu-Chang Wu , Shen-Huan Lyu , Haopu Shang , Xiangyu Wang , Chao Qian

Conformal Prediction (CP) quantifies network uncertainty by building a small prediction set with a pre-defined probability that the correct class is within this set. In this study we tackle the problem of CP calibration based on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Coby Penso , Jacob Goldberger

The term `spurious correlations' has been used in NLP to informally denote any undesirable feature-label correlations. However, a correlation can be undesirable because (i) the feature is irrelevant to the label (e.g. punctuation in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Nitish Joshi , Xiang Pan , He He

Causal representation learning (CRL) aims at recovering latent causal variables from high-dimensional observations to solve causal downstream tasks, such as predicting the effect of new interventions or more robust classification. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Dingling Yao , Dario Rancati , Riccardo Cadei , Marco Fumero , Francesco Locatello

Standard empirical risk minimization (ERM) models may prioritize learning spurious correlations between spurious features and true labels, leading to poor accuracy on groups where these correlations do not hold. Mitigating this issue often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yujin Han , Difan Zou

A topic of great current interest is Causal Representation Learning (CRL), whose goal is to learn a causal model for hidden features in a data-driven manner. Unfortunately, CRL is severely ill-posed since it is a combination of the two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-10 Hiroshi Morioka , Aapo Hyvärinen

Learning models have been shown to rely on spurious correlations between non-predictive features and the associated labels in the training data, with negative implications on robustness, bias and fairness. In this work, we provide a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Simone Bombari , Marco Mondelli

We introduce a framework for robust uncertainty quantification in situations where labeled training data are corrupted, through noisy or missing labels. We build on conformal prediction, a statistical tool for generating prediction sets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Shai Feldman , Stephen Bates , Yaniv Romano

Models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) are prone to be biased towards spurious correlations between target labels and bias attributes, which leads to poor performance on data groups lacking spurious correlations. It is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hyeonggeun Han , Sehwan Kim , Hyungjun Joo , Sangwoo Hong , Jungwoo Lee

Recent research has revealed that machine learning models have a tendency to leverage spurious correlations that exist in the training set but may not hold true in general circumstances. For instance, a sentiment classifier may erroneously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Oscar Chew , Hsuan-Tien Lin , Kai-Wei Chang , Kuan-Hao Huang

A central goal of machine learning is to learn robust representations that capture the causal relationship between inputs features and output labels. However, minimizing empirical risk over finite or biased datasets often results in models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Chunting Zhou , Xuezhe Ma , Paul Michel , Graham Neubig

Causal reasoning and compositional reasoning are two core aspirations in AI. Measuring the extent of these behaviors requires principled evaluation methods. We explore a unified perspective that considers both behaviors simultaneously,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Jacqueline R. M. A. Maasch , Alihan Hüyük , Xinnuo Xu , Aditya V. Nori , Javier Gonzalez

Spurious correlations are a threat to the trustworthiness of natural language processing systems, motivating research into methods for identifying and eliminating them. However, addressing the problem of spurious correlations requires more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Jacob Eisenstein

Models that learn spurious correlations from training data often fail when deployed in new environments. While many methods aim to learn invariant representations to address this, they often underperform standard empirical risk minimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ruqi Bai , Yao Ji , Zeyu Zhou , David I. Inouye

Deep learning models often achieve high performance by inadvertently learning spurious correlations between targets and non-essential features. For example, an image classifier may identify an object via its background that spuriously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Guangtao Zheng , Wenqian Ye , Aidong Zhang

Deep learning vulnerability detection has shown promising results in recent years. However, an important challenge that still blocks it from being very useful in practice is that the model is not robust under perturbation and it cannot…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Md Mahbubur Rahman , Ira Ceka , Chengzhi Mao , Saikat Chakraborty , Baishakhi Ray , Wei Le

Fine-tuning pre-trained vision-language models, like CLIP, has yielded success on diverse downstream tasks. However, several pain points persist for this paradigm: (i) directly tuning entire pre-trained models becomes both time-intensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chenyu You , Yifei Min , Weicheng Dai , Jasjeet S. Sekhon , Lawrence Staib , James S. Duncan