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Stochasticity is ubiquitous in the world around us. However, our predominant computing paradigm is deterministic. Random number generation (RNG) can be a computationally inefficient operation in this system especially for larger workloads.…

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ)-based true-random number generators (RNG) can consume orders of magnitude less energy per bit than CMOS pseudo-RNG. Here, we numerically investigate with a macrospin Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert…

Physical devices exhibiting stochastic functions with low energy consumption and high device density have the potential to enable complex probability-based computing algorithms, accelerate machine learning tasks, and enhance hardware…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-17 Dooyong Koh , Qiuyuan Wang , Brooke C. McGoldrick , Chung-Tao Chou , Luqiao Liu , Marc A. Baldo

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are the fundamental building blocks of spintronic devices, have been used to build true random number generators (TRNGs) with different trade-offs between throughput, power, and area requirements.…

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) have emerged as a competitive, realistic nanotechnology to support novel forms of stochastic computation in CMOS-compatible platforms. One of their applications is to generate random bitstreams…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Matthew W. Daniels , Advait Madhavan , Philippe Talatchian , Alice Mizrahi , Mark D. Stiles

We review two magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) approaches for compact, low-power, CMOS-integrated true random number generation (TRNG). The first employs passive-read, easy-plane superparamagnetic MTJs (sMTJs) that generate…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Jonathan Z. Sun , Christopher Safranski , Siyuranga Koswata , Pouya Hashemi , Andrew D. Kent

Stochastic computing, a form of computation with probabilities, presents an alternative to conventional arithmetic units. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs), which exhibit probabilistic switching, have been explored as Stochastic Number…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Ankit Mondal , Ankur Srivastava

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) have shown great promise as hardware sources for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic switching behavior. However, practical deployment remains challenged by drift in…

Low-energy random number generation is critical for many emerging computing schemes proposed to complement or replace von Neumann architectures. However, current random number generators are always associated with an energy cost that is…

Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices can efficiently convert thermal energy in the environment into random bitstreams for computational modeling and cryptography. We recently showed that perpendicular MTJs activated by…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Laura Rehm , Md Golam Morshed , Shashank Misra , Ankit Shukla , Shaloo Rakheja , Mustafa Pinarbasi , Avik W. Ghosh , Andrew D. Kent

Recently there is considerable interest to realize efficient and low-cost true random number generators (RNGs) for practical applications. One important way is through the use of bistable magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Here we study the…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-09-07 Chee Kwan Gan , Bingjin Chen , Minggang Zeng

High-quality random numbers are very critical to many fields such as cryptography, finance, and scientific simulation, which calls for the design of reliable true random number generators (TRNGs). Limited by entropy source, throughput,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Siqing Fu , Tiejun Li , Chunyuan Zhang , Hanqing Li , Sheng Ma , Jianmin Zhang , Ruiyi Zhang , Lizhou Wu

Probabilistic inference from real-time input data is becoming increasingly popular and may be one of the potential pathways at enabling cognitive intelligence. As a matter of fact, preliminary research has revealed that stochastic…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Yong Shim , Shuhan Chen , Abhronil Sengupta , Kaushik Roy

Probabilistic computing using random number generators (RNGs) can leverage the inherent stochasticity of nanodevices for system-level benefits. The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) has been studied as an RNG due to its thermally-driven…

Deterministic pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) used in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) models produce predictable patterns vulnerable to exploitation by attackers. Conventional defences against the vulnerabilities often come…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Youwei Bao , Shuhan Yang , Hyunsoo Yang

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources for the randomness required by some compact and energy-efficient computing schemes. Coupling SMTJs gives rise to collective behavior that could be useful for cognitive…

Gate-layouts of spin qubit devices are commonly adapted from previous successful devices. As qubit numbers and the device complexity increase, modelling new device layouts and optimizing for yield and performance becomes necessary.…

Algorithms for machine learning-guided design, or design algorithms, use machine learning-based predictions to propose novel objects with desired property values. Given a new design task -- for example, to design novel proteins with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Clara Fannjiang , Ji Won Park

This paper highlights new opportunities for designing large-scale machine learning systems as a consequence of blurring traditional boundaries that have allowed algorithm designers and application-level practitioners to stay -- for the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-09-10 Suyog Gupta , Vikas Sindhwani , Kailash Gopalakrishnan

The emerging Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junction (STT-MTJ) technology exhibits interesting stochastic behavior combined with small area and low operation energy. It is, therefore, a promising technology for security applications,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Ben Perach , Shahar Kvatinsky
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